Forearm, elbow, Humerus

Ulna

Has body that is slender and tapers inferiorly

┴ to the midpoint of the forearm

CR of Forearm (AP and Lateral)

Supinator fat pad

anterior and parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius.

Anterior fat pad

lies on the anterior humerus

Posterior fat pad

largest, lies within the olecranon fossa of the distal humerus.

┴ to the elbow joint

CR of :

AP elbow

Lateral elbow

AP Oblique Med Rot.

AP Oblique Lat Rot.

┴ to the humerus, transversing to the elbow joint. CR must be distally into the joint

CR of AP (Partial Flexion - Distal Humerus)

┴ to the elbow joint and long axis of forearm. Adjust IR so that CE passes its midpoint

CR of AP (Partial Flexion - Proximal forearm)

1. Proximal radioulnar Joint

2. Radiohumeral

3. Ulnohumeral

ARTICULATIONS of the elbow

Olecranon should be seen, elbow fatpads are least compressed

Epicondyles ┴ to the IR

Importance of Lateral elbow according to GRISWOLD

Griswold

Importance of Lateral elbow according to

anteriorly

In lateral projection of elbow, radial tuberosity is facing

Holly

described a method of obtaining the AP projection of the radial head.

coronoid process, olecranon process

2 beaklike projections

semilunar/trochlear notch, radial notch

2 concave depressions

radial head

located proximally

radial neck

constricted part

radial tubercle

medial

radial styloid process

lateral surface

laterally externally at an angle of 45

for AP oblique lateral rotation, how would you rotate the part and at what angle

medially rotate or pronate the hand at 45 angle

for AP oblique medial rotation, how would you rotate the part and at what angle

45° towards the shoulder

CR in Radial Head, Axiolateral proj. (Coyles Method)

45° from the shoulder

CR in Coronoid Process, Axiolateral proj. (Coyles Method)

80

elbow is flexed at what degree in in Coronoid Process, Axiolateral proj. (Coyles Method)

90

elbow is flexed at what degree in in Radial Head, Axiolateral proj. (Coyles Method)

AP Proj. (Acute Flexion) Jones MTD.

used when fx around the elbow are being treated

┴  to the elbow joint and long axis of the forearm. Adjust the IR so that the CR passes to its midpoint

CR of AP Proj. (Acute Flexion) Jones MTD.

┴ 2 inch above the olecranon process

CR of Distal Humerus in AP Proj. (Acute Flexion) Jones MTD.

┴ to elbow at 2inch distal to olecranon process

CR of Proximal Forearm in AP Proj. (Acute Flexion) Jones MTD.

Lateral Proj. 4 position series

For demonstration of the entire circumference of the radial head free of superimposition

Greenspan & Norman MTD. in Lateral Proj. 4 series

Direct the CR 45° towards the shoulder

PA Axial

This projection is used in RADIOHUMERAL BURSITIS (TENNIS ELBOW) to detect otherwise obscured calcifications located in the ulnar sulcus.

Long and Rafert

describe an AP oblique distal humerus proj. that specifically shows the ulnar sulcus

┴ to the ulnar sulcus, entering at a point just medial to the olecranon process.

CR of PA Axial

Head

large, smooth and rounded, and lies on oblique plane on superomedial side of the humerus.

anatomic neck

lies just below the head.

surgical neck

Constriction of the shaft just below the tubercles.

Lesser Tubercle/Tuberosity

situated on anterior surface of the bone immediately just below the anatomic neck.

Greater Tubercle/Tuberosity

situated on lateral surface of the bone immediately just below the anatomic neck.

Intertubercular/bicipital groove

is a deep depression that separates the tuberosities.

to the midportion of the humerus and the center of the IR.

CR of Humerus

Transthoracic Lateral (Lawrence MTD.)

used when the arm cannot be abducted for an axial projection of the humerus

10-15 DEGREES CEPHALAD with the same RP.

If the PX CANNOT ELEVATE WELL the unaffected shoulder, direct the CR to

Low mAa, Long Exposure time

Exposure Factor fot Lawrence Method