UW-MADISON KINES 227 SPRING 2025 EXAM 1

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright

In the anatomical position, how are the feet positioned?

Feet parallel to the floor

In the anatomical position, where are the eyes looking?

Eyes looking forward

In the anatomical position, where are the arms positioned?

Arms at side

In the anatomical position, how are the palms facing?

Palms facing forward

In the anatomical position, where do the thumbs point?

Thumbs pointing away from the body

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

anteroposterior (sagittal) axis

imaginary line around which frontal plane rotations occur

transverse (frontal) axis

any axis perpendicular to the sagittal plane

vertical axis

movements perpendicular to the transverse plane

long bone

longer than they are wide

short bone

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

flat bone

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

irregular bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

sesamoid bone

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

pneumatized bone

a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells

condyle

Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

facet

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

head

rounded proximal end of a bone

bone cavities

Facet● Foramen● Fossa● Fovea● Meatus● Notch● Sinus● Sulcus

What is an angle in the context of bone attachments?

A corner or a point where two surfaces meet.

What is a border in the context of bone attachments?

The edge or outline of a bone.

What is a crest in the context of bone attachments?

A prominent ridge on a bone.

What is an epicondyle?

A projection above a condyle.

What is a line in the context of bone attachments?

A narrow ridge on a bone.

What is a process in the context of bone attachments?

A projection or outgrowth from a bone.

What is a ramus?

A part of an irregular bone, thicker than a process.

processes for bone attachments

Spine○ Sharp projection● Suture● Trochanter○ Very large projection● Tubercle○ Small projection● Tuberosity○ Large projection

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

factors that influence joint stability

articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone

diathroses

freely movable joints

Diathroses examples

synovial joints

What are the components of the articular capsule in diarthroses?

Articular capsule

What is the function of the synovial membrane in diarthroses?

Produces synovial fluid

What is found within the joint cavity of diarthroses?

Synovial fluid

What type of cartilage is present in diarthroses?

Articular cartilage

What are the two types of ligaments associated with diarthroses?

Intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments

How are nerves and blood vessels related to diarthroses?

Diarthroses are highly innervated and blood vessels do not enter the joint cavity.

synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

What is joint arthrokinematics?

Motion between articular surfaces.

What type of articular surfaces do most synovial joints have?

One bone with a concave articular surface and one with a convex articular surface.

What are the three types of motion in joint arthrokinematics?

Roll, Glide, Spin.

flexion and extension plane of movement

sagittal plane

flexion and extension axis of movement

transverse axis

lateral flexion plane of movement

frontal plane

lateral flexion axis of movement

anteroposterior axis

rotation plane of movement

transverse plane

rotation axis of movement

vertical axis

abduction/adduction plane of movement

frontal plane

abduction/adduction axis of movement

anteroposterior axis

pronation and supination plane of movement

transverse plane

pronation and supination axis of movement

vertical axis

opposition and reposition plane of movement

none

opposition and reposition axis of movement

none

circumduction plane of movement

none

circumduction axis of movement

none

elevation and depression plane of movement

none

elevation and depression axis of movement

none

protraction and retraction plane of movement

none

protraction and retraction axis of movement

none

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion plane of movement

sagittal plane

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion axis of movement

transverse axis

inversion and eversion plane of movement

none

inversion and eversion axis of movement

none

hyaline cartilage locations

between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints, supporting larynx, trachea, and bronchi, forming part of nasal septum

hyaline cartilage functions

provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

fibrocartilage locations

Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage functions

resists compression; prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits movement

elastic cartilage locations

Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx

elastic cartilage functions

provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

What percentage of bone tissue is made up of cells and proteins?

35%

What percentage of bone tissue is inorganic material?

65%

What mineral is primarily stored in bone tissue?

Calcium

What percentage of the body's calcium is stored in bones?

99%

Which organs and body structures require calcium?

Heart, kidneys, and entire body structure

What percentage of the body's phosphorus is stored in bones?

85%

What percentage of the body's sodium and magnesium is stored in bones?

65%

bone tissue functions

protection, support

bone tissue types

compact and spongy

gross anatomy of nerves

nerve, fascicles, axons

neuron

Electrical signals● Live for a lifetime● Don't divide● High metabolic rate● Most cell bodies in the CNS

action

movement resulting from concentric contraction

innervation

nerve that stimulates the muscle fibers

belly

the central part of a muscle

tendon

fibrous connective tissue connecting muscles to bones

aponeurosis

flattened connective tissue binding muscle to bone

fascia

fibrous connective tissue around or separating muscles, organs, and other tissues

origin

proximal attachment of a muscle

insertion

distal attachment of a muscle

agonist

muscle causing centric contraction

antagonist

opposite concentric action as the agonist

stabalizer

muscle that stabilizes an area allowing another area to move

Synergist

muscle that assists an agonist

isometric contraction

muscle tenses but does not shorten