Exam 3 Ethics, Supervision, & Management

Why is criticism an ineffective behavior change strategy? (4)

1. Does not produce a lasting change
2. People will try to justify themselves
3. Often incurs resentment
4. Will criticize in return

How does Abraham Lincoln demonstrate that criticism is ineffective?

Lincoln used to criticize and ridicule people during his adolescence using poems and letters and dropped them on country roads or publish them anonymously. Wrote one about James Shields and when Shields found out Lincoln wrote it he challenged him to a duel. As they were about to duel, Lincoln realized the harm of criticism and how it always ends in futility. He never criticized people again, which made him successful in dealing with people

How does George B Johnston demonstrate that criticism is ineffective? (resentment)

When he criticized his workers about not wearing their hard hats using his authority, his works would put on the hats until he left and then take them off in resentment. However, when he used a pleasant tone of voice and reminded them that they hard hats are for their safety, then compliance increased

What is the name of the safety coordinator of the engineering company in the example of why criticism is ineffective?

George B Johnston

How does "Two Gun" Crowley demonstrate that criticism is ineffective? (justifying his behavior)

"Two Gun" Crowley shot a police officer who asked for his license while he and his girlfriend were leaving a party. When he was captured, he did not believe that he did anything wrong. People criticized his behavior and he simply justified himself saying it was self-defense.

Why do we need to change our behavior to change the behavior of others?

By changing our own behavior, we alter the environment as well as the contingencies within the environment that are likely to change the behavior of others. Moreover, what you do often changes the way people respond to you (George B. Johnston)

If we want to change the behavior of others, we must (2)

1. Change our own behavior
2. Change the environment

What is Carnegie's Principle 1?

Don't criticize, condemn, or complain

What is Daniels referring to when he discusses the term work environment?

refers to the physical workplace as well as the rules, regulations, behavior of all individuals, and hierarchy of management (more than just the physical workplace)

What is the most popular management approach?

My Own Management Style (MOMs)

What do MOMs entail?

individual managers using his or her own personal style of management (regardless of if it supports the company's values or mission)

Why are MOMs ineffective?

most of these management procedures are not supported with data (trial and error/management by hunch)

Most companies assume that the _________ is the problem

employee

Why is it incorrect for companies to claim that the employee is the problem?

the employee is a product of their environment (must evaluate environment to understand employee behavior)

Example of panaceas (3)

1. Quality circle
2. Self-managed work teams
3. Supervisor-less workplaces

Refers to fads in the business world such as quality circles, self-managed work teams, etc.

Panaceas

Bringing out the best in people and achieving measurably superior results requires

a clear and precise understanding of human behavior

Four qualities of performance management that make it more effective than MOMs

1. Rooted in behavior analysis
2. Uses scientific findings to change behavior
3. Ongoing implementation
4. Data-oriented

Performance Management

refers to the application of behavior analysis research and scientific principles to business and industry

Functional definition of performance management

a scientifically-based, oriented management system consisting of measurement, feedback, and positive reinforcement

What three elements are required for it to be performance management?

1. Measurement
2. Feedback
3. Positive Reinforcement

Measurement, feedback, and positive reinforcement for performance management must be implemented

systematically and in a sequence

Another name for performance management

precision management

True or False

Performance management can be replicated in the same or similar settings and can be extended to new settings with similar results

True (because it is precise and data oriented)

Which aspect of performance management?

precisely analyzing current work of employees

measurement

Which aspect of performance management?

implementing a management procedure that address the problems associated with inadequate performance

feedback

Which aspect of performance management?

providing reinforcement for improvements in performance

positive reinforcement

True or False

Performance management is a one-time approach

False (it becomes a part of work culture/environment)

Performance management provides a precise way to analyze work and implements a management system that (2)

1. Addresses problems associated with poor performance
2. Leads to practical ways to maximize performance

Even though every management system is devised to bring out the best in people, they all fail. Why?

because they are not evidence-based

Performance management is an effective management procedure because it teachers managers how to influence _______

behavior

Performance management is an effective management procedure because it teachers managers how to influence behavior in THREE ways

1. Reinforce desirable behaviors
2. Avoid increased unwanted behaviors
3. Avoid decreasing desirable behaviors

Behavior is a function of its

consequences

Application of scientific method to manage behavior includes (4)

1. Identify what needs to be improved
2. Collect baseline data on current performance
3. Intervention
4. Evaluation (impact on performance)

The central idea of behaviorism is

a science of behavior is possible

Is behaviorism a science?

no (it is a philosophy of science)

Behaviorists refers to the science of behavior as

behavior analysis

What is the alternative to commonsense knowledge?

scientific knowledge

Common sense

the unreflective opinions of ordinary people

Why is common sense not so common?

because it is based on an individual's experiences

Common sense believe that experience

teaches us nothing

How does behavior analysis disagree with common sense's perception of experience?

we believe that all knowledge is gained through experience and that experience leads to learning

Learning

a change in behavior due to certain kinds of experience

Why is it important to know why things get better in a business?

because if it gets better for not reason it will probably get worse for no reason later on (understanding the cause can help with maintenance)

Science

systematic practice which leads directly to knowledge of the universe through testable predictions and experimentation of natural phenomena

Science can also refers to the ______________ of knowledge

summation

Science can also refers to the summation of knowledge or the pursuit of knowledge within ______________

a specific scientific discipline

6 Differences between Common Sense Knowledge and Scientific Knowledge

1. Common sense is acquired through ordinary business and living, while scientific knowledge must be pursued deliberately and scientifically
2. Common sense is individual while scientific knowledge is universal
3. Common sense knowledge accepts the obvious while scientific knowledge questions the obvious
4. Common sense knowledge is vague while scientific knowledge is specific
5. Common sense cannot be counted on to produce consistent results while applications of scientific knowledge yields the same results every time
6. Common sense gained through uncontrolled experience while scientific knowledge is gained through controlled experiment

Common sense is acquired through ____________ while scientific knowledge must be __________

1. (CS) ordinary business and living
2. (SK) pursued deliberately and systematically

What does it mean by Common sense is acquired through ordinary business and living, while scientific knowledge must be pursued deliberately and scientifically?

common sense comes to us without effort while scientific knowledge requires effort

Individual or universal


Common sense is __________ while scientific knowledge is _______

1. (CS) individual
2. (SK) universal

Common sense _____ the obvious while scientific knowledge ______ the obvious

1. (CS) accepts
2. (SK) questions

Vague or specific

Common sense knowledge is _______ while scientific knowledge is _________

1. (CS) vague
2. (SK) specific

Consistency of results: Common sense vs Scientific Knowledge

1. (CS) cannot be counted on to produce consistent results
2. (SK) yields same results every time

Common sense is gained through __________ while scientific knowledge is gained through ____________

1. (CS) uncontrolled experience
2. (SK) controlled experience

Which difference between common sense and scientific knowledge is a leading reason why a business person would not consider the use of behavioral science?

Common sense gained through uncontrolled experience while scientific knowledge is gained through controlled experiment (from my experience)

What are the hallmarks of science? (7)

1. Description
2. Prediction
3. Control
4. Replication
5. Falsifiable
6. Parsimony
7. Skepticism

What is one example about why it is not enough to know that something works?

Indian Chicken Farmer listening to all of the guru's solutions for why his chicken's keep dying (each time it would work but for a short time)

Why is parsimony a hallmark of science?

one assumption requires less validation than multiple assumptions

A skeptic is a person who (2)

1. Engages in thoughtful questioning about stated claims
2. Questions the validity of a particular claim by calling for evidence to support or refute it

_________ is embedded in the scientific method which involves gathering data to test natural explanations for natural phenomena

Skepticism

How is skepticism embedded in the scientific method?

because it involves gathering data to test natural explanations

What is a Science-Base Practice? (5)

1. Direct objective observation and measurement of natural phenomena
2. Systematic arrangement of events
3. Control procedures to rule out alternative explanations
4. Repeated demonstrations (replications)
5. Critical peer review

An effective antecedent gets a behavior to occur ______-

once

Effective antecedents are necessary to ____________

initiate performance

Effective antecedents are necessary to initiate performance but ...

are not sufficent to sustain performance

What is the problem with only using antecedent strategies?

antecedents do not keep a behavior happening (need consequence for a behavior to continue occurring)

Examples of Antecedents commonly used by compaines

1. Memos
2. Staff Training
3. Company Policies
4. Mission Statements
5. Safety Posters

Why do business often use antecedent strategies?

Antecedents (such as memos) get the employees to engage in the behavior a few times so businesses continue to repeat these messages

What is one example of a company rely on antecedent strategies provided in the book?

A furniture plant using the sign "Quality is the only thing," yet there are no repercussions for poor quality (no longer work to best quality)

Explain the smoking example in terms of antecedent strategies and consequences

Labels about possible harm did not decrease smoking behavior (antecedent). However, when smoking was not allowed in restaurants or on airplanes (consequences) there was a drastic drop in smoking

Why is a threat considered an antecedent?

it occurs before the behavior

Are threats as antecedents meaningful?

only if they are paired with a meaningful consequence

Every behavior produces a

consequence

Behavioral consequences

things and events that follow a behavior and change the probability that the behavior will be repeated in the future

Consequences change the _______ or _________ of behavior

rate (or) frequency

Four behavioral consequences

1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Punishment
4. Penalty

Companies aim to ______ behaviors that add value and ________ behavior that decrease value-added performance

1. Increase
2. Decrease

How do companies address value-added performance? (2)

1. Identify and prevent behaviors that do not add value from contacting reinforcement
2. Use direct observation to identify employee activities that are contacting reinforcement

Identifying behaviors to strengthen will reduce the need for ________

Punishment (automatically decreases undesirable behaviors because they are no longer contacting reinforcement)

Penalty is the OBM term for

negative punishment

OBM definition for positive reinforcement

get something you want

OBM definition for negative reinforcement

escape or avoid something you do not want

OBM definition for punishment

get something you do not want

OBM definition for penalty

lose something you have

Two behavioral consequences that increase behavior

1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement

Two behavioral consequences that decrease behavior

1. Punishment
2. Penalty (Negative Punishment)

Negative reinforcement generates...

enough behavior to escape or avoid punishment

Is negative reinforcement an improvement over punishment?

no (because just doing enough to get by is not correlated with substantial increases in performance)

What behavioral consequence is associated with discretionary effort?

positive reinforcement

Reinforcement is defined __________

functionally

Reinforcement is defined functionally which means

if performance is not improving than reinforcement is not occurring

This behavior consequence can be used to maximize performance

positive reinforcement

Most _______ that occurs in an organization is unintentional

punishment

Most punishment that occurs in an organization is unintentional because

what the manager believes is reinforcing might be aversive to that individual

Managers need to understand that reinforcers and punishers operate at the level of the

individual

Most managers believe that ______ determines effect

intention (I think praise is reinforcing so it must be reinforcing for all)

What does Daniels mean by "inadvertent extinction is an epidemic"

companies are not reinforcing desirable behaviors which leads to reduction of these behaviors

Desirable behavior is often placed on extinction, thereby creating an environment for

undesirable behavior to be positively reinforced

The phrase "People just don't have that good old-fashioned work ethic anymore" represents

a failure of management to incentivize performance