Nutrition- s1 exam prep macro/micronutrients

what are the three monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

what are the three disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

what two monosaccharides make up sucrose

glucose + fructose

what two monosaccharides make up lactose

glucose + galactose

what two monosaccharides make up maltose

glucose + glucose

what disaccharide is made up of glucose + fructose

sucrose

what disaccharide is made up of glucose + galactose

lactose

what disaccharide is made up of glucose + glucose

maltose

how many monosaccharides make up oligosaccharides

3-10

how many monosaccharides make up polysaccharides

more than 10

how many amino acids make up proteins

20

how many non essential proteins are there

11

how many essential proteins are there

9

what are the six functions of proteins

communication, catalyse reactions, defense, structural, transport and movement

example/s of communication

hormones

example/s of catalyse reactions

enzymes

example/s of defense

antibodies

example/s of structural

nails, hair, ligaments

example/s of transport

haemoglobin carrying o2, membrane transports proteins

example/s of movement

muscle fibres

what breaks up protein into their amino acids

enzyme calles pepsin

what are lipids important for (5 answers)

1- energy source

2- storage of fat soluble vitamins

3- insulation

4- organ protection

5- cell membrane structure

what is the adipose tissue

it is the main storage for fats in the body

additional purposes of adipose tissue (3 answers)

1- insulation (beneath skin to reduce heat loss)

2- organ protection (visceral fat)

3- energy storage

are lipids soluble in water

no

are fats solid or liquid at room temperature

solid

are oils solid or liquid at room temperature

liquid

5% of lipids consumed are…

phospholipids and sterols

95% of lipids consumed are…

triglycerides (3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol)

what elements are lipids made up of

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

what bonds do saturated fats have

have full complement of hydrogens (single c-c bonds)

what bonds do unsaturated fats have

do not have full complement of hydrogens (one or more double c-c bonds)

what fats are kinked

unsaturated

what fats are straight

saturated

what is HDL cholesterol

high density cholesterol, ‘good’ cholesterol

what is LDL cholesterol

low density cholesterol, ‘bad cholesterol’

why is trans fat bad for your cholesterol

raises LDL cholesterol and lowers HDL cholesterol

what can happen if there is too much cholesterol build up in your arteries

heart attack

what elements are proteins made out of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what elements are carbohydrates made out of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what elements are lipids made out of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

features of fat soluable vitamins

-absorbed into the lymph

-excess stored in liver

-travels in blood stream in association with protein carriers

features of water soluable vitamins

-absorbed directly into blood stream

-most is not stored, excreted by urine

-lower risk of toxicity

what vitamins are water soluable

B, C

what vitamins are fat soluable

A, D, E, K

vitamin c food sources

-oranges

-grapefruit

-broccoli

vitamin c main functions

-antioxidant

-collagen formation

vitamin c deficiency

scurvy: fatigue, poor wound healing, bleeding gums

vitamin a food sources

-beef

-eggs

-carrot

vitamin a main funtion

vision

vitamin a deficiency

vision issues

mineral factors

-important components of bodily fluids

-cofactor of enzymes or component of proteins and hormones

iron function

-brain health: brain development and cognitive function

iron food sources

-red meat

-seafood

-tofu

iron deficiency

anaemia: chronic tiredness, irritability, decreased capacity to exercise

calcium function

-bones and teeth: main building block providing strength and structure

calcium food source

dairy

calcium deficiency

osteoporosis: where the body loses minerals faster than the body can replace them, leading to loss of bone thickness

what does energy do in the body

powers metabolic processes:

-synthesis of substances and tissues

-movement

-neural messages

what percentage of energy should carbohydrates provide

45-60%

what percentage of energy should protein provide

15-20%

what percentage of energy should lipids provide

20-35%

what is an anabolic process

builds substances and requires energy

what is a catabolic process

breaks down substances and releases energy

example of anabolic process

building cell membranes

example of catabolic process

glucose is broken down

what is energy stored for

times when the body has high energy needs (marathon/run

where is energy stored

-liver

-muscle

-adipose tissue

-muscle

-adipose tissue