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What are hormones?
Chemical regulators used to coordinate the proper response to internal and external stimuli.
What is endocrinology?
The medical specialty that diagnoses and treats hormone-related disorders
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of steady-state physiological conditions.
Where are endocrine glands and cells located?
The capillary system
What type of proteins bind to hydrophobic hormone molecules and transport them to target cells?
Hydrophilic transport proteins
What two hormones maintain glucose homeostasis?
Insulin and glucagon
What two hormones maintain calcium homeostasis?
Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone
What hormone reduces blood volume by stimulating salt and water secretion by the kidneys?
(ANP) Atrial natriuretic peptide
Negative feedback regulation
When something goes up the production is sped up
T/F: Some hormones are made in advance and stored in an inactive form until needed.
True
What enables hormones to move among adjacent cells?
Plasmodesmata
What is auxin?
A plant growth hormone found in the tip of plants
What stimulates the division of stem cells in the shoot and root?
Cytokinins
What stimulates cell elongation in roots and shoots?
Auxin
What is senescence?
Biological aging
What hormone stimulates apoptosis and senescence?
Ethylene
What hormone reverses the effects of ethylene on apoptosis and senescence?
Cytokinin
T/F: Cytokinin can delay the process of senescence of some vegetables to extend their shelf life
True
What two hormones coordinate the development of the ovary surrounding the seed into fruit tissue?
Auxin and Gibberellic Acid
What hormone is produced to stimulate the ripening process after seed maturity?
Ethylene
What hormone maintains seed dormancy until environmental conditions are favorable?
Abscisic Acid
What hormone coordinates the response to water stress?
Abscisic Acid
What hormone coordinates phototropism response enabling the shoot to bend towards sunlight?
Auxin
What hormones are applied to some crop species to induce seedless fruit formation?
Auxin and Gibberellic Acid
What hormone coordinates the human immune system?
Cytokine
What specialized epithelial tissues cover and defend all internal body surfaces exposed to the outside world?
Mucous Membranes
What tissue lines the digestive, reproductive, and respiratory tracts?
Mucous Membranes
What are phagocytes?
A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
Mucous membranes contain ______ that import and destroy foreign invaders.
Phagocytes
T/F: Fever reduces pathogen reproduction by increasing iron in the blood.
False
What cells line the respiratory tract and move trapped particles towards the throat to be expelled?
Cilia cells
What hormone increases muscle tone to release more heat?
Epinephrine
Fever reduces ________ levels in blood to to limit pathogen reproduction.
Iron
T/F: Iron levels decrease, during a fever, in blood to limit pathogen reproduction
True
T/F: Mast cells and basophils stimulate inflammation.
True
What cells stimulate inflammation?
Mast cells and basophils
Monocytes develop into...?
Macrophages
What are pattern recognition receptors?
Receptors found on cells of the innate immune system. They are not selective and bind to a variety of proteins (PAMPs) found on the surface of many pathogens.
Where are PRRs located?
The cell membranes and in the cytoplasm
T/F: macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils are phagocytes
True
T/F: Pattern recognition receptors bind to self molecules.
False
What do macrophages do?
Recognize and eat pathogens and damaged cells
What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
Secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
T/F: Macrophages are located in exposed parts of the body prone to colonization by foreign invaders.
True
T/F: Natural killer cells induce apoptosis in foreign cells
True
What response increases blood flow to inflamed tissues to promote blood clotting, contain/destroy invaders, increase temperature and sensitivity, and coordinate tissue repair?
Inflammation Response
What hormone is released from mast cells in response to inflammation?
Histamine
What can be the result if inflammation response is not deactivated?
Asthma, active hepatitis, chronic peptide ulcer, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis...
What is the compliment system?
~30 proteins in blood plasma that complement defense reactions and help attract phagocytes to foreign cells; can help promote lysis of the foreign cell
What do endocrine glands and cells synthesize and secrete?
Hormones
What is secreted in the posterior pituitary?
ADH and oxytocin
What part of the brain makes ADH and oxytocin?
Hypothalamus
What hormone increases water retention?
ADH
What hormone affects breast feeding, birth, and feelings of intimacy?
Oxytocin
Which part of the brain regulates the anterior pituitary?
Hypothalamus
Which hormone stimulates appetite?
Orexin
What is the "hunger hormone"?
Ghrelin
What hormone increases bone density, libido and musculature?
Testosterone
What is the purpose of adipose tissue?
Insulates, protects, and is a site of fuel storage
What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and accelerates the onset of puberty?
Estrogen
What hormone suppresses appetite?
Leptin
What is apical dominance?
Tendency for growth to be concentrated at the tip of a plant shoot, because the apical bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.
What do brassinosteroids do?
Promote stem and pollen tube elongation
What plant hormones coordinate sexual reproduction?
Auxin and Gibberellic Acid
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells
How does microbes exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
diffusion, all parts of the cell’s surface contacts the air to facilitate gas diffusion
all respiratory organs are highly folded or highly branched to
increase surface area available for gas exchange, increase capacity to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and reduce the volume of space the organs occupy in the body
all respiratory organs have thin gas exchange membranes that consist of one cell layer to
reduce distance gas molecules must diffuse, reduce time required for oxygen molecules to enter the body and reduce time required for carbon dioxide molecules to exit the body
all animals must perfuse gas exchange membranes
perfusion is delievery of blood by the circulatory system to the capillaries of respiratory organ
