Medical Terminology Chapter 10 - Musculoskeletal System

Musculoskeletal System

-includes muscles, bones, joints, related structures such as tendons & connective tissue that function in movement of body parts & organs

Muscle Functions

1. produce body movements

2. stabilize body positions

3. store & move substances w/in body

4. generate heat

Types of muscle fibers...

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle fibers

Cardiac muscle fibers

autorhythmicity - built in involuntary rhythm

Smooth muscle fibers

Tendons

fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone

Bone Functions

-form skeletal support

-protect body

-serve as storage ares fro mineral salts (calcium, phosphorus)

Skeletal System

-skeleton of an adult consists of 206 bones

-divided into 2 sections, axial & appendicular

Axial skeleton

-protects internal organs & provides central support of the body around which other parts move

-consists of bones of head, chest, spine

Appendicular skeleton

-enables body to move

-consists of bones of shoulders, arms, hips, legs

-ability to walk, run, catch a ball is possible due to moveable joints of limbs

4 types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

Long bones

-longer than they are wide

-slightly curved for strength

-vary tremendously in size

-femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, phalanges

Short bones

-cubed shaped

-nearly equal in length & width

-carpal & tarsal bones

Flat bones

-broad & thin

-cover & protect soft body parts

-cranial bones, sternum, ribs

Irregular bones

-vary in shape & size

-commonly clustered

-bones of vertebrae, certain bones of ears & face

Parts of a bone...

bone is living tissue composed of osteocytes, blood vessels, nerves

Diaphysis

-main elongated portion

-forms cylinder that surrounds medullary cavity

Periosteum

-thin fibrous outer membrane, covers entire surface

-serves as place of attachment for muscles

-provides protection

-gives durable strength to bone

-its blood vessels supply nutrients & nerves signal pain

-in growing bones, this layer contains bone forming cells called osteoblasts

-provides bone repair & general bone nutrition

Compact (dense) bone

-thick hard outer layer

-covered by periosteum

Medullary cavity

-inner layer

-contains fat yellow marrow in adults

Spongy (cancellous) bone

-porous, highly vascular inner portion

-makes bone lighter

-provides space of bone marrow where blood cells are produced

Joint (articulation)

-place where two bones connect

-vary widely in degree of movement

-lubricated by synovial fluid

-some are freely movable (diarthroses)

-some are only slightly movable (amphiarthroses)

-some are totally immovable (synarthroses)

Tendon

attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

attaches bone to bone

Bone fractures..

Closed fracture

-bone broken w/no open wound & minimal surrounding tissue damage

Open fracture

or

compound fracture

-broken end of bone pierces skin, creating open wound

-extensive damage to surrounding blood vessels, nerves, muscles

Greenstick fracture

-incomplete break of soft bone

(bone is partially bent & partially broken)

-common in children cuz growing bones are soft & splinter instead of break completely

Comminuted fracture

-broken into pieces

Impacted fracture

-broken ends of bone are forced into one another

-creates many bone fragments

Complicated fracture

-involves extensive soft tissue injury

(when broken rib pierces lung)

Colles fracture

-break of lower end of radius (just above wrist)

-causes displacement of hand

(usually from flexing hand to cushion fall)

Incomplete fracture

-when line of fracture does not include whole bone

Vertebral column, spinal column, or backbone...

-composed of 26 bones called vertebrae

-5 regions of vertebrae in vertebral column

Cervical vertebrae

-7 vertebrae

-form skeletal framework of neck

Atlas

-1st cervical vertebra

-supports skull

Axis

-2nd cervical vertebra

-enables skull to rotate on neck

Thoracic vertebrae

-12 vertebrae

-support chest

-serve as point of articulation for ribs

Lumbar vertebrae

- 5 vertebrae

-in lower back

-carry most of weight of torso

Sacral vertebrae, sacrum

-sacrum

-5 vertebrae fused into single bone in adults

coccyx

-tail of vertebral column

Orthopedists

orthopedic surgeon

Orthopedics

prevention, diagnoses, care, treatment of musculoskeletal disorders (bone & joint)

Rheumatologist

arthritis & other diseases of joints, muscles, bones

Osteopathic physician (DO)

provides treatment for musculoskeletal disorders

-specialize in orthopedics, cardiology, pulmonology

Osteopathic philosophy

good health requires holistic approach;

proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, nerves

Chiropractor

-not physicians!!!

-system of therapy based on theory disease is caused by pressure on nerves

-treatment involves physical manipulation of spinal column

Combining Forms...

ankyl/o

stiffness; bent, crooked

ankylosis: mobility of joint

arthr/o

joint

arthroplasty: replacement of joint

calcane/o

calcaneum (heel bone)

carp/o

carpus (wrist bones)

carpoptosis: downward displacement of wrist

a.k.a. dropped wrist

cervic/o

neck; cervix uteri

chondr/o

cartilage

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium (skull)

fasci/o

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting & separating muscles)

femor/o

femur (thigh bone)

fibr/o

fiber, fibrous tissue

fibul/o

fibula (smaller, outer bone of lower leg)

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

leiomy/o

smooth muscle (visceral)

leiomyoma

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

lumbocostal: pertaining to lumbar region & ribs

metacarp/o

metacarpus (hand bones)

muscul/o

my/o

(more commonly used)

muscle

muscular

myorrhexis: rupture (tear) of a muscle

myelogram: radiograph of spinal cord after injection of contrast medium

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

orth/o

straight

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

oste/o

bone

osteotomy: suture of bone, wiring of bone fragments

osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone & bone marrow

osteoarthropathy: disease of bones & joints

osteoarthosis: abnormal condition of bones & joints

pelv/i*, pelv/o

pelvis

phalang/o

phalanges (bones of fingers & toes)

radi/o

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

spondyl/o* (used to describe condition of vertebra)

vertebr/o* (used to describe vertebra)

vertebra (back bone); plural, vertebrae

spondylosis, spondylitis, spondylopathy, spondyomalacia

vertebrocostal, vertebrosternal

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

ten/o

tend/o (more commonly used)

tendin/o

tendon

tenotomy

tendoplasty

tendinitis or tendonitis

tibi/o

tibia (larger bone of lower leg, shin bone)

Suffixes...

-asthenia

weakness, debility

myasthenia

weakness & abnormal fatigue of muscle

-clast

to break; surgical fracture

-cyte

cell

-desis

binding, fixation (of bone or joint)

-genesis

forming, producing

-malacia

softening

-meta

change, beyond

-physis

growth

diaphysis

-plegia

paralysis

hemiplegia

quadriplegia

-porosis

porous

-ptosis

prolapse, downward displacement

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

myosarcoma

Abbreviations...

Prefixes...

en-

in, w/in

inter-

between

intercostal: between the ribs

peri-

around

C1 to C7

cervical vertebra

D.O., DO

doctor of osteopathy

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

Fx

fracture