Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Human Nature (Hobbes)

sceptical arguing that human beings are needy and vulnerable, prone to commit destructive acts.

State of Nature

A condition described by Hobbes as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, resulting from the absence of formal authority.

Social Contract

An agreement where individuals give up some rights to a sovereign for the maintenance of order and security.

Sovereign

The ultimate authority in Hobbes' political theory, responsible for making laws and maintaining social order.

Autocratic State

A form of government in which a single person or a party holds absolute power, necessary to prevent conflict according to Hobbes.

Scarcity and Self-interest

In the state of nature, resources are scarce, leading individuals to act out of ruthless self-interest.

Destructive Acts

Actions taken by individuals driven by a restless desire for goods and distrust of others, resulting in conflict.

Civil Society

A society that is organized under a legitimate government which Hobbes argues does not exist without the state.

Economic Activity

According to Hobbes, constructive economic activity is not possible without a state that guarantees order and security.

Natural Rights

Not existent in Hobbes' view, contradicting the belief held by liberals that rights are inherent and natural.