Introduction to Sampling Methods and Issues

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on sampling methods, errors associated with sampling, and their implications for research.

Sampling

The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

Population parameters

Values that summarize characteristics of a whole population, such as mean and standard deviation.

Census

A complete count of a population.

Sample

A subset of the population used to represent the group.

Sampling frame

A list of units in a population from which a sample can be drawn.

Margin of error

A statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results.

Simple random sampling

A sampling method where each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified random sampling

A method that divides the population into subgroups and samples from each to ensure representation of all groups.

Cluster sampling

A sampling technique where the population is divided into groups (clusters) and a random sample of these clusters is selected.

Systematic sampling

A sampling method that involves selecting every n-th unit from a list of the population.

Coverage error

This occurs when some members of the population are omitted from the sampling frame.

Non-sampling error

Errors not related to the act of sampling that can lead to inaccuracies in survey results.

Response rate

The number of completed surveys divided by the total number of individuals selected for the survey.

Convenience sampling

A non-probability sampling method where individuals are selected based on their availability and proximity to the researcher.

Judgment sampling

A non-random sampling method where the researcher uses their judgment to select participants based on specific criteria.

Statistical power

The probability that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected.

Low response rate

A situation where the percentage of individuals who complete a survey is smaller than desired, potentially biasing results.

Haphazard sampling

A method of sampling where individuals are selected in a non-random way that does not follow systematic rules.

Research bias

The bias that occurs when a researcher influences the results or conclusions of a study due to their own preferences or opinions.

Margin of error formula

Defined as $\frac{1}{ ext{√}n}$, where $n$ is the sample size.

FDR (Franklin D. Roosevelt)

The only U.S. president to serve four terms, known for the New Deal.