APHUG Unit 2

Demography

the statistical study of population and its change

Population Distribution

the pattern in which humans spread out

Ecumene

a permanent human settlement

Metacity

a city with more than 20 million residents 

Megacity

a city with more than 10 million residents

Where is home to more than a fifth of the worlds population?

East Asia

How does climate affect population distribution?

Humans tend to live in the humid tropics, subtropical, and mild latitudes, and tend to stay away from cold or dry areas 

How does economic development affect population distribution?

New industries and development can lead to people moving into new locations

How does culture affect population distribution?

Different cultural groups perceive the same environment in different ways which causes different population patterns 

How does disease affect population distribution?

Disease can affect population size by killing people, decreasing food supply, and livestock

Arithmetic density

people per unit of land

Arable land

land suitable for cultivation

Physiological Density

people per unit of arable land 

Agricultural Density

farmers per unit of arable land

Carrying Capacity

the number of people an environment can sustain

Dependency Ratio

the number of dependents (15-64 years) in a population, that each 100 working-age people must support 

Name and indicate the years of the last 5 generations

GI Generation: before 1924

Silent Generation: 1924-1945

Baby Boomer: 1946-1964

Generation X: 1965-1980

Millennials: 1981-2000

Infanticide

the practice of killing infants

What continent has the highest birth rates?

Africa

What are factors that effect fertility rates?

Economic development, religious and cultural influences, education, gender roles, and government population policies 

Epidemiological Theory

theory that seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

Malthusian Theory of Population

the theory that if the population kept getting bigger, we would exceed available resources

Cornucopian Argument

The argument against Malthusian saying that population growth stimulates innovations, technological advances, and food production. 

What are the 11 Ravenstein Migration Laws?

Small Distances

Away from Agriculture

Breaking Barriers

Urban Growth

Economic Growth

Larger not Smaller

Women Stay Close

All about the Money

Family's Play it Safe

Countermigration

Rural to Urban

Diaspora

Involuntary mass dispersion of a population from its home territory

What motivates internal migration?

Historically: to find new places 

Presently: money

What are the three main patterns of internal migration flows?

Rural to Urban

Urban to Suburban

East to West

What motivates transnational migration?

Escaping violence and persecution, seeking better employment and quality of life

What are the largest transnational migration flows?

Asia to Europe

Latin America to the US

What are the three eras of US migration?

17th-18th century: Colonial Settlement

Late 19th-Early 20th century: Mass European Immigration

Late 20th-Early 21st century: Asian and Latin American 

What are the main sources of unauthorized immigration in the US?

Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, China, India

What are the main source countries of the migrant crisis in Europe?

Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea

How do immigration quotas affect a society?

Smaller pool of workers, less diversity, discriminatory attitudes

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

25000 Chinese immigrants settled in California by 1850 to take part in the gold rush; led to nativism. First American immigration quota, banning Chinese laborers from entering the country.

1921 Emergency Quota Act

Limited annual migration to 3% of the total number of people from that country that were already in the US

1924 National Origins Act

Limited annual migration to 2%; excluded southern and eastern Europeans and Asians; Mexicans exempted since they were needed for work

1965 Immigration and Nationality Act

Ended policy of restricting immigration with quotas based on nationality; based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor

Identify the four major global population clusters

South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

What are four physical factors that influence the distribution of human populations? 

Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources 

Identify four human factors that influence the distribution of human populations

Economic, cultural, historical, and political factors

Identify two environmental problems associated with higher population density?

pollution and depletion of resources

Identify six different demographic characteristics 

age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainments, income, and occupation

What do the Y axis and X axis represent in a population pyramid?

Y axis- age ranges and cohorts; X axis- number of people in society

Sex ratio of society

(male births/female births)x100

What does a high dependency ration mean?

There will be a larger burden on society since the working population will have to pay more taxes to support the number of people who are not working

What stage would a country be in if it has an agriculture based economy?

1 or 2

What stage of the DTM has high birth and death rates?

1

What stage of the DTM has a slowly decreasing population?

5

Identify three things that could reduce a societys IMR, TFR, or CDR

More opportunities for women in society, better access to healthcare services, and investment in education for both men and women

What are two things a government can do to impact the population dynamics of a society?

restrict immigration, implement pro/anti-natalist policies, provide new opportunities for women and men

What could a country in stage 5 do to fix its declining population?

Increase the number of immigrants or implement pro-natalist policies

What is the name of Stage 1 in the Epidemiological transition model?

Pestilence and Famine

What is the name of Stage 2 in the Epidemiological transition model?

Receding pandemics

What is the name of Stage 3 in the Epidemiological transition model?

Degenerative + human created diseases

What is the name of Stage 4 in the Epidemiological transition model?

Delayed degenerative diseases

What is the name of Stage 5 in the Epidemiological transition model?

Reemerging infections + parasitic diseases

What was Thomas Mathus’s prediction?

a society s population growth would cause the population of society to exceed the carrying capacity because food production grows arithmetically and population growth exponentially

What is the difference between arithmetic growth and exponential growth?

Arithmetic growth increase by a constant number. Exponential growth is compound, causing a spike in numbers

Xenophobia

Hatred of foreigners based on stereotypes, prejudice, and racism

Refugee

a person forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violation of human rights, etc

Gravity Model

Greater pull in larger communities, bigger cities receive more immigrants

GDP Per Capita

measure of a country’s economic output that accounts for its number of individuals

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture; thinking yours is better

Imperialism

Effort by one country to determine settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on such territory

Generally, what happens to the economy as more immigrants enter the country?

The state will see increased economic development as new ideas, people, goods, and businesses enter the country

Acculturation

when a culture adopts various cultural traits of another culture, modifying the original culture.

Assimilation

when a minority culture adopts a new culture, resulting in a loss of the original culture