senior comp - practice exam no. 1

which of the following is true for exergonic reactions?

the products have less free energy than the reactants

in an enzyme-mediated reaction the word substrate(s) is another word for the ________.

reactant(s)

which of the following is/are the location(s) of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?

mitochondria

electromagnetic energy travels as _______ but also acts as discrete packets of energy called ________.

waves; photons

the action spectrum of chlorophyll indicates ________.

wavelengths of light utilized in photosynthesis

cellular respiration involves the ______ cycle while photosynthesis involves the cycle _________.

Krebs; Calvin

which of the germ layers gives rise to the skeleton and the circulatory system?

mesoderm

you have a hypothetical molecule ZX₄. A small amount of this substance is placed in a
large beaker of warm water and you observe that it dissolves completely. On the basis
of this observation, you would be justified in concluding that ZX₄ is a/an ______ compound.

ionic or polar

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ___________.

ribosomes

characterisitc of both facilitated diffusion and active transport is _______.

the presence of protein carriers

carrier protein molecules in the plasma (cell) membrane are required for _______?

active transport and facilitated diffusion

hydrolysis is involved in what?

digestion of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids

which of the following lists of elements includes the four most common elements found in living things?

N, H, Fe, C, O

a force of attraction between atoms is _______.

the definition of a chemical bond

sister chromatids separate during _____.

mitosis and meiosis II

___________ is NOT a formal stage of mitosis

interphase

an epithelial tissue composed of several layers of flat cells would be accurately described as a ___________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

of the following types of muscle, which is/are attached to bones?

skeletal

in plants, water transport is the function of ________, while sugar transport is the function of ________.

xylem; phloem

which of the following is bigger in overall size?

egg, zygote, morula, and blastula are all about the same size

what is the observable manner of expressing a certain trait?

phenotype

a nucleotide sequence started as GATTACA. after a point mutation, it reads CATTACA. what type of mutation occurred?

substitution

the liquid portion of blood is called ______.

plasma

hemolymph is the circulatory fluid found in ______.

arthropods

in the human excretory system, countercurrent flow of fluids occurs in the _____.

loop of Henle

mendel crossed true breeding plants with distinct phenotypes. the f1 organisms were hybrids for the trait being studied. in this context, what kind of genotype does the hybrid organism possess?

heterozygous

a colorblind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. what percentage of their daughters will be colorblind?

0%

a gene’s physical position along the length of a chromosome is its ______.

locus

typically, the regulatory genes in operons are _______ expressed.

constitutively

based on the model of DNA, what piece of RNA would be synthesized is the upper DNA strand is used as a template. (AATGCACG)

UUACGUGCA

when is the repressible trp operon “off“?

when the repessor-corepressor complex binds to the operator

synaptic vesicles are filled with ____.

neurotransmitters

excessive production of aqueous humor can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and ________.

glaucoma

the _____ is the standard contractile unit in the skeletal muscle.

sarcomere

as the nervous system evolved in more complex organisms, a tendency to develop neural regulation centers in the head region. this trend is called _______.

cephalization

the two senses with similar energy sources and overlapping functions are _____.

taste and smell

protein digestion requires the enzymes ______.

pepsin, trypsin, and peptidase

in skeletal muscle contraction, ______ must be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum before the active sites on actin filaments are exposed.

calcium ions

cellular level “memory“ of which antibodies are needed to fight an invading antigen is an important feature in the ______.

humoral immune response

which of the following are invaginated respiratory devices?

lungs and tracheal tubes

a scientist must determine whether two populations of organisms are members of the same species. how should he/she apply the biological species concept?

determine if members of the two populations can mate and produce fertile offspring

according to the theory of common descent, which of the following is least accurate?

humans descended from chimpanzees

according to darwin, the principal mechanism of evolution is _____.

natural selection

what is the role of the individual in natural selection?

to survive and reproduce

only _____ traits can play a role in natural selection?

heritable

arrange the following taxonomic ranks in the correct sequence from larger to smaller, according to the Linnaean hierarchical system of classification.

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus (45612)

a taxonomic group is one which contrains a common ancestor and some (not all) of its descendants _______ compared with the same rank

paraphyletic

the term phylogeny refers to the _____ of a group of organisms

evolutionary history

a fungal organism consists of ________.

a mycelium and spore-producing structures

evidence is emerging that animals and _____ form a monophyletic grouping within the eukaryotes.

fungi

in the carbon cycle, the process(es) of ____ returns carbon to the atmosphere, primarily in the form of ______.

burning fossil fiuels and animal/plant respiration; carbon dioxide

in plants, gross primary production (GPP) is equivalent to _____.

sunglight energy converted to chemical bond energy

when Mycorrhizae fungi forma ssociations with the roots of the plants, the fungus provides minerals to the plant and the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus. what type of association is this?

mutualism

which is the correct order of trophic levels in terms of energy flow through a community?

producers → primary consumers → secondary consumers

the maximum population size an environment can support is referred to as _____.

carrying capacity

which of the following phyla includes sea urchins?

echinodermata

why are seeds a more adaptive structure than spores?

seeds contain an embryonic coat; spores contain one haploid cell

the cuticle layer in plant tissues ____.

a nonliving deposit that prevents water loss

what is the oldest terrestrial fungal phylum?

zygomycota

which of the following is not a part of the pistil?

filament

the term ______ describes a bacterial virus that can establish a long-term relationship with a host cell, such that the viral genome is maintained (potentially indefinitely) in an integrated state.

lysogenic

koch’s postulates are intended as a guide for ____.

determining what organism causes a particular disease

the ability to resist phagocytosis is an important property of ____.

capsules

which type(s) of bacteria are typically gram positive, aerotolerant aerobes that undergo fermentation?

lactic acid bacteria

in microscopy, resolving power is best defined as ____.

distinguising closely spaced objects as separate

the cell walls of gram (i) bacteria contain _____.

peptidoglycan, braun’s lipoprotein, and lipopolysaccharides

a certain virus infects a bacterial host cell. instead of causing the host cell to burst, the virus establishes a long-term relationship with the host, and the viral genome is maintained within the host. this relationship is called ____.

lysogeny

which of the following is true of all viruses?

they all contain nucleic acid

zygospores are ____.

sexual spores produced by zygomycota fungi

unlike disinfectants, antiseptics are formulated for use with ____.

living surfaces

which of the following is true concerning the peptidoglycan of gram- negative cells?

it is present in a thin layer

viroids are ____.

short infectious single-stranded RNAs

which of the following are associated with endotoxin?

lipopolysaccarides, e. coli, severe gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and diarrhea), and salmonella species

which of the following is the major reason why viral infections are difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents?

viruses use the metabolic machinery of their hosts

which of the follow contains nucleic acids

chromosome, ribosome, and plasmid

which fo the following is present in gram-negative cell walls and not present in gram- positive cell walls?

lipopolysaccharides

peptide interbridges aare found in the cell wall structure of ____ bacteria.

gram-positive

flexible bacteria with a helical shape are called _____?

spriochetes

which statement(s) correctly describes capsules?

they help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells, retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria, and prevent entry of many bacterial viruses

which of the following is not true of bacterial plasmids?

they are required for host growth and/or reproduction

what is the purpose of X chromosome inactivation in mammals?

dosage compensation

the type of RNA that serves as the template for polypeptide synthesis is ______.

messenger RNA

in the lac operon ______.

translation of structural genes (z,y,a) is induced when glucose levels are low and lactose levels are high

the final step in the xpression of DNA’s control over cellular activity, as described in the central dogma, is ______.

translation

which of the following enzymes can synthesize RNA, using DNA as a template?

RNA polymerase

the proofreading ability of DNA polymerase I is due, in part, to _____.

exonuclease activity

if # equals the haploid number in a given species, the number of DNA molecules in one cell during metaphase II (meiosis) is ______.

2(#)

a nucleic acid sample was found topossess 23% adenine and 35% thymine. based on this information the sample was _____.

viral, single-stranded DNA

in eukaryotes, genes with the ability to “jump“ from one position within the genome to another are called _____.

transposons

single stranded human DNA fragments were incubated under reannealing conditions with single stranded DNA fragments from four different species. the percentage of dsDNA produced from these incubations is as follows:

human + species 1 = 2.2% dsDNA

human + species 2 = 6.1% dsDNA

human + species 3 = 5.3% dsDNA

human + species 4 = 1.8% dsDNA

From a genetic perspective, to which species are humans most closely related?

species 2

which of the following is a rule used to determine the probability for two independent events that occur simultaneously?

product rule

in the bacterium e.coli, the locus OriC is the site where ______.

replication begin

an organism’s haploid number is known to be 4. a cell from this organism is examined microscopically, revealing a total of 8 unreplicated chromosomes. the chromosomes are arranged so that a cluster of 4 chromosomes is present at each pole. which stage of cell division is this?

late anaphase (mitosis)

the mendelian principle of segregation ______.

was demonstrated by monohybrid cross experiments

in the lac operon, when lactose/allolactose attaches to the repressor protein _____.

none of the above

the RNA polymerase holoenzyme _____.

recognizes the promoter region of DNA

during meiosis, replicated (twin chromatid) chromosomes line up on the spindle during _____.

metaphase II

a stock culture of fruit flies LL RR mm is crossed with a stock culture ll rr MM. the resulting F1 flies (LlRrMm) are used in a test cross to yield the following F2 population (10,000 total):

Rr Ll mm = 3715, rr ll mm = 48, Rr ll Mm = 437, RrLlMm = 52,
rr Ll Mm = 719, rr ll Mm = 3785, rr Ll mm = 463, Rr ll mm = 781

the total number of F2 flies exhibiting the parental phenotypes is _____.

7500

A stock culture of fruit flies LL RR mm is crossed with a stock culture ll rr MM. the resulting F1 flies (LlRrMm) are used in a test cross to yield the following F2 population (10,000 total):

Rr Ll mm = 3715, rr ll mm = 48, Rr ll Mm = 437, RrLlMm = 52,
rr Ll Mm = 719, rr ll Mm = 3785, rr Ll mm = 463, Rr ll mm = 781.

of the three genes being assessed, a map of the chromosome would place ______ as the middle gene.

M

A stock culture of fruit flies LL RR mm is crossed with a stock culture ll rr MM. the resulting F1 flies (LlRrMm) are used in a test cross to yield the following F2 population (10,000 total):

Rr Ll mm = 3715, rr ll mm = 48, Rr ll Mm = 437, RrLlMm = 52,
rr Ll Mm = 719, rr ll Mm = 3785, rr Ll mm = 463, Rr ll mm = 781.

the parental generation stock cultures were ______.

homozygous at all loci