Honors Chemistry Semester 1 Final Exam Review Guide

These flashcards cover foundational concepts in chemistry, including definitions, processes, the periodic table, and descriptions of chemical substances and interactions.

Chemistry

The study of matter and its interactions.

Law

A statement that describes a consistent relationship observed in nature.

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world.

Scientific method

A systematic approach to inquiry involving observation, hypothesis testing, and experimentation.

Engineering Process

A series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a solution to a problem.

Criteria

Standards or principles by which something is judged or decided.

Constraint

A limitation or restriction.

Trade-off

A compromise in which one thing is given up in exchange for another.

Measurement

The size, length, or amount of something, typically obtained using a tool or instrument.

Quantitative

Data that can be measured and written down with numbers.

Qualitative

Data that describes qualities or characteristics.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties.

Molecules

Two or more atoms bonded together.

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Solid

A state of matter characterized by fixed shape and volume.

Liquid

A state of matter that has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container.

Gas

A state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its composition.

Physical Change

A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance without altering its chemical composition.

Chemical Property

A characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to change into different substances.

Chemical Change

A process that transforms one substance into a different substance.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that is not uniform in composition.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that is uniform in composition.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture where one substance is dissolved in another.

Alloy

A mixture of two or more elements, where at least one is a metal.

Pure substance

A material with a constant composition that cannot be separated into simpler substances.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Compound

A substance formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.

Filtration

A method for separating solids from liquids using a filter.

Distillation

A method for separating mixtures based on differences in boiling points.

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons

Uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Metals

Elements that are typically good conductors of heat and electricity.

Non-metals

Elements that are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Metalloids

Elements with properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals.

Noble gases

Inert gaseous elements in group 18 of the periodic table.

Diatomic molecules

Molecules composed of two atoms of the same or different chemical elements.

Halogens

Elements in group 17 of the periodic table.

Ions

Charged particles that form when atoms lose or gain electrons.