Exam 3 Patho

Bone Remodeling

The ongoing process of skeletal maintenance that occurs after skeletal growth is complete, involving the resorption of old bone and the formation of new bone.

Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for bone resorption, derived from monocyte/macrophage precursors, that break down bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build new bone by depositing an organic matrix called osteoid on the walls of bone canals.

RANKL

A ligand released by osteoblasts that promotes the differentiation and proliferation of osteoclasts by binding to its receptor.

OPG (Osteoprotegerin)

A protein that inhibits osteoclast activity by blocking the action of RANKL.

Osteomalacia

A condition characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone, often due to insufficient calcium absorption or phosphate deficiency.

Gout

A form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in joint cavities, leading to painful swelling and inflammation.

Hyperuricemia

Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, which can lead to the crystallization of uric acid and the development of gout.

Tophi

Deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals that form in and around joints in chronic gout.

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints, characterized by pain and progressive stiffness.

Renal Calculi

Stones formed in the kidneys, often associated with high levels of uric acid in the body, which can occur in gout patients.

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to relieve pain and inflammation in conditions like gout.

Colchicine

A medication used to treat acute gout attacks by reducing inflammation.

Xanthine-Oxidase Inhibitors

Medications that block the synthesis of uric acid, used to manage chronic hyperuricemia in gout patients.

Purine Metabolism

The biochemical process by which purines are broken down and synthesized, linked to the production of uric acid.

Activity Intolerance

A state in which an individual experiences insufficient physical or mental energy to engage in daily activities.

Fatigue

A feeling of extreme tiredness or lack of energy that can be physical, mental, or both, often impacting daily functioning.

Lower back pain

Discomfort in the lower back that intensifies when resting or lying down.

Kyphosis

An abnormal curvature of the spine, resulting in a hunchback appearance.

Acute anterior uveitis

An inflammation of the uvea in the eye, often presenting with pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and redness.

Cardiac tamponade

A condition where fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart, impairing its function.

Pericardiocentesis

A medical procedure that involves the aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac using a large needle.

Pulsus paradoxus

A significant drop in systolic blood pressure during inspiration, often indicative of cardiac tamponade.

Mitral valve stenosis

A condition characterized by the incomplete opening of the mitral valve during diastole, leading to left atrial distension.

Myocardial ischemia

A condition where the coronary blood flow does not meet the metabolic demands of the heart, potentially leading to angina or infarction.

Atherosclerosis

A disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, often leading to coronary artery disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries, resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and myocardial oxygen demand.

Myocardial infarction

The death of myocardial tissue due to prolonged ischemia, often resulting from coronary artery blockage.

Afterload

The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole.

Preload

The degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole, influenced by venous return.

Myocardial oxygen supply

The amount of oxygen delivered to the heart muscle, determined by blood flow and oxygen-carrying capacity.

Myocardial oxygen demand

The amount of oxygen the heart muscle requires, influenced by heart rate, contractility, and wall stress.

Systemic manifestations

General symptoms that affect the entire body, such as weight loss, fever, and fatigue.

Ocular problems

Visual disturbances or conditions affecting the eyes, such as uveitis.

Hip joint degeneration

The deterioration of the hip joint, often associated with conditions like arthritis.

Spinal column loss of motion

Reduced flexibility and movement in the spinal column, often due to stiffness or degeneration.

Stable Angina

Predictable chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood during exertion but is relieved with rest or nitroglycerin.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

A term for conditions resulting from sudden obstruction of blood flow to the heart, often due to thrombosis over a ruptured plaque.

Unstable Angina

Chest pain that occurs unpredictably and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, indicating a higher risk of myocardial infarction.

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

A type of heart attack characterized by a prolonged period of blocked blood supply, leading to significant damage to the heart muscle.

Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)

A type of heart attack that does not show the classic ST elevation on an ECG but still involves significant heart muscle damage.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A condition where the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to impaired systolic function and heart failure.

Valvular Heart Disease

A condition involving damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves, affecting blood flow through the heart.

Aortic Valve Regurgitation

A condition where the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.

Heart Failure

A clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, often due to structural or functional abnormalities.

Contractility

The intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle fibers to contract, affecting the heart's pumping efficiency.

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

A type of heart failure where the heart can contract normally but has difficulty relaxing, leading to fluid buildup.

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

A type of heart failure characterized by a weakened heart muscle that cannot pump effectively, resulting in reduced ejection fraction.

Elevated Jugular Venous Pressure

An increase in pressure in the jugular veins, often indicating heart failure or fluid overload.

Third Heart Sound (Gallop)

An abnormal heart sound that can indicate heart failure, often described as a 'Kentucky' rhythm.

Cardiomegaly

An enlargement of the heart, often seen in various forms of heart failure.

Hepatojugular Reflux

A clinical sign where pressure on the liver causes an increase in jugular venous pressure, indicating right heart failure.

Left Ventricular Failure

A condition where the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively, leading to either systolic or diastolic dysfunction.

HFrEF

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, where the heart's ability to contract is impaired, typically with an ejection fraction of 40% or less.

HFpEF

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, where the heart can contract normally but has issues with filling, often with an ejection fraction of 50% or more.

Right Ventricular Failure

A condition where the right ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the lungs, often resulting from left-sided heart failure or pulmonary disease.

Circulatory Shock

A state where the circulatory system fails to supply adequate blood flow to peripheral tissues, leading to cellular hypoxia and metabolic disturbances.

Hypovolemic Shock

A type of shock caused by a significant loss of blood volume, leading to inadequate circulation.

Cardiogenic Shock

A condition where the heart fails to pump blood sufficiently, often following a myocardial infarction.

Distributive Shock

A type of shock characterized by abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels, leading to inadequate supply to tissues.

Neurogenic Shock

A form of distributive shock caused by loss of sympathetic tone, often due to spinal cord injury or anesthesia.

Anaphylactic Shock

A severe allergic reaction leading to widespread vasodilation and relative hypovolemia, requiring immediate treatment.

Septic Shock

A severe form of sepsis characterized by systemic inflammation and persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation.

Leukopenia

A decrease in the number of white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections.

Neutropenia

A condition characterized by an abnormally low count of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infections.

Agranulocytosis

A severe form of neutropenia where there is a dangerously low level of neutrophils, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.

Infectious Mononucleosis

A viral infection, commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus, characterized by fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy, often spread through saliva.

Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of white blood cells, often indicating an infection or other stressors in the body.

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

A measure of the number of neutrophils in the blood, used to assess the risk of infection in patients.

Multiple Myeloma

A type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to various complications including bone lesions and immunodeficiency.

Lymphoma

A group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Leukemia

A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Cytotoxic T Cells

A type of immune cell that directly attacks and destroys infected or cancerous cells.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A type of lymphocyte that plays a role in the innate immune response by targeting and killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

B Cells

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and can differentiate into memory cells or plasma cells.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

Large, atypical lymphocytes that are a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and typically spreads in a contiguous manner through lymph nodes.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A diverse group of blood cancers that includes any lymphoma except Hodgkin lymphoma, often characterized by multiple types of abnormal lymphocytes.

Aplastic Anemia

A bone marrow disorder that results in a decrease in all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Clinical Manifestations of Neutropenia

Symptoms may include skin lesions, stomatitis, pharyngitis, fever, malaise, and extreme weakness, with severe cases showing few signs of infection.

Acute Leukemia

A type of leukemia characterized by the rapid proliferation of immature blood cells, leading to a quick onset of symptoms.

Chronic Leukemia

A type of leukemia that progresses more slowly and involves more mature blood cells, often leading to a gradual accumulation of symptoms.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

A type of acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of immature lymphocytes, commonly seen in children.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A type of chronic leukemia characterized by the accumulation of mature but dysfunctional lymphocytes.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

A type of acute leukemia that affects myeloid cells, leading to rapid proliferation and impaired blood cell production.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

A type of chronic leukemia characterized by the overproduction of myeloid cells, often associated with the Philadelphia chromosome.

Leukostasis

A condition marked by an extremely high number of blast cells in the bloodstream, which can lead to increased blood viscosity and potential obstruction of small blood vessels.

Bence Jones Proteins

Abnormal light chain proteins found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma, indicative of the presence of malignant plasma cells.

Osteolytic Lesions

Bone lesions caused by the invasion of malignant plasma cells, leading to bone destruction and increased risk of fractures.

Anemia

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, often resulting in fatigue and weakness, commonly seen in various types of leukemia and multiple myeloma.

Thrombocytopenia

A condition marked by low platelet counts, which can lead to increased bleeding and bruising, frequently observed in leukemias and multiple myeloma.

Lymphadenopathy

Swelling of lymph nodes, often due to the proliferation of malignant cells in leukemias, leading to discomfort and other systemic symptoms.

Splenomegaly

Enlargement of the spleen, which can occur in various leukemias due to the accumulation of abnormal cells.

Hepatomegaly

Enlargement of the liver, which can occur in conjunction with splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy in hematologic malignancies.

CNS Manifestations

Neurological symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and cranial nerve palsies that can occur in acute leukemias due to the infiltration of malignant cells.

Weight Loss

A common symptom in both acute and chronic leukemias and multiple myeloma, often associated with increased metabolic demands and systemic illness.

Night Sweats

Episodes of excessive sweating during the night, which can be a symptom of various hematologic malignancies, including leukemias.

Bone Pain

Discomfort or pain in the bones, often due to bone marrow expansion or infiltration by malignant cells in leukemias and multiple myeloma.

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A potentially life-threatening condition that occurs after the rapid destruction of tumor cells, leading to metabolic abnormalities such as hyperuricemia.

Blood Pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels, crucial for maintaining blood flow to organs.