ap bio cell organelles

perixosomes function

break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances; produce/break down hydrogen peroxide

perixosomes location

cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

perixosome structure

small membrane-bound sac; contains enzymes

mitochondrion location

cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

mitochondrion function

produces ATP through cellular respiration

mitochondrion structure

double membrane; inner membrane is folded into cristae; has its own DNA and ribosomes

chloroplast structure

double membrane; contains thylakoids stacked into grana; has its own DNA and ribosomes

chlroplast function

performs photosynthesis

chloroplast location

cytoplasm of plant cells and algae

centrosome structure

region containing microtubule-organizing material; animal centrosomes contain a pair of centrioles

centrosome function

organizes microtubules and helps form the spindle during cell division

centrosome location

near nucleus, especially in animal cells

nucleus structure

large membrane-bound organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope; contains chromatin and nucleolus

nucleus function

stores DNA and controls gene expression

nucleus location

usually near center of eukaryotic cell

nuclear membrane / envelope structure

double membrane surrounding nucleus with nuclear pores

nuclear membrane / envelope function

separates nucleus from cytoplasm and controls movement in/out

nuclear membrane / envelope location

surrounds nucleus

chromatin structure

DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; appears as loose DNA when cell isn't dividing

chromatin function

stores genetic information

chromatin location

inside nucleus

nucleolus structure

dense, darker region inside nucleus; not membrane-bound

nucleolus function

produces rRNA and assembles ribosome subunits

nucleolus location

inside nucleus

ribosomes structure

made of rRNA + proteins; two subunits; no membrane

ribosomes function

builds proteins

ribosomes location

free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER

centrosomes structure

cylindrical structures made of microtubules, usually arranged as 9 groups of 3

centrioles function

help organize microtubules during cell division

centrioles location

inside centrosome of animal cells

cilia structure

short, numerous hair-like projections containing microtubules

cilia function

move the cell or move fluid/material across the cell surface (animal only)

cilia location

extending from cell surface (animals)

flagella structure

long, usually few whip-like projections containing microtubules

flagella function

cell movement

flagella location

extending from cell surface (prokaryotic and animal cells)

cell wall structure

rigid outer layer; plant walls are primarily made of cellulose

cell wall function

scupports and protects cell; maintains shape

cell wall location

outside plasma membrane of plants

extracellular matrix (ECM) structure

network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cell

extracellular matrix (ECM) funtction

supports cells, anchors them, and helps with cell communication

extracellular matrix location

outside animal cells

plasmodesmata structure

tiny channels that pass through plant cell walls

plasmodesmata function

allow materials and signals to move between neighboring plant cells

plasmodesmata location

through plant cell walls

smooth ER structure

network of membrane tubules; no ribosomes attached

smooth ER function

makes lipids/steroids, detoxifies substances, stores calcium

smooth ER location

cytoplasm; connected to rough ER

rough er structure

network of flattened membrane sacs/tubules with ribosomes attached

rough er function

makes and begins processing proteins

rough er location

cytoplasm; continuous with nuclear envelope

golgi apparatus structure

stack of flattened, curved membrane sacs called cisternae; vesicles around it

golgi apparatus function

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids

golgi apparatus location

cytoplasm, usually near ER

lysosome structure

small membrane-bound sac filled with digestive enzymes

lysosome function

breaks down waste, macromolecules, and damaged organelles

lysosome location

cytoplasm, especially common in animal cells

vacuole structure

membrane-bound storage sac; plant cells often have one large central vacuole

vacuole function

stores water, ions, nutrients, and waste; plant vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure

vacuole location

cytoplasm; especially large in plant cells