ADJ Criminology Exam #3

Hate Crime

A conventional offense such as murder or arson with an added component of bias.

Neonaticide

The killing of a newborn within the first 24 hours after birth.

Cyberbullying

Sending or posting harmful or cruel text or images using the internet or other digital communication devices.

Serial Killing

An individual (or individuals) kills a number of individuals (usually a minimum of three) over the course of time.

Mass Murder

Killing three or more persons at a single scene with no cooling-off period between murders.

Spree Killing

The killing of three or more individuals without any cooling-off period, usually at two or more different locations.

Power Rape

The offender seeking to obtain power and control over the rape victim.

Con Rape

The offender approaching the victim and posing as an authority figure such as a police officer or security guard.

Surprise Rape

The offender waiting and targeting the victim, often after stalking them.

Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)

Crime is linked to a cluster of problematic behaviors habitually involving the family and poor decisions or actions by the individual.

Turning Points

Identified by Robert Sampson and John Laub, informal mechanisms of social controls with marriage and a career being the most important.

Social Capital

A fundamental determinant against criminal behavior, similar to financial capital.

Boosters

Professional shoplifters who pose a significant threat.

Fencing

Earning income by buying and reselling stolen merchandise.

Hebephilia

Involves sexual contact by adults with young adolescents.

Embezzlement

An individual(s) who is trusted with property fraudulently converts the item(s) for personal use.

Age Graded Theory

Suggests that childhood experiences are important for understanding early-onset delinquency. Examines why individuals stop committing crime, focusing on social events and turning points.

Dual Taxonomic Theory

Reflects changes in an individual's cognitive, emotional, and social growth from adolescence to adulthood.

General Theory of Crime

Impulsive personality and lack of self-control are significant latent traits leading to criminal behavior.

Behavioral Activation

Pattern established by the brain due to lack of child-rearing practices.

Control Balance Theory

Examines how individuals balance control forces pushed upon them by others.

Robert Sampson and John Laub

Criminologists who rediscovered Glueck's research and published the age-graded theory in 1993.

Terrie Moffitt

Developed the dual taxonomic theory explaining trajectories of a criminal career.

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi

Developed the general theory of crime, emphasizing impulsive personality and lack of self-control.

Latent Trait Developmental Theory

Claims that self-control principles explain all varieties of criminal behavior.

Charles Tittle

Developed the control balance theory to evaluate crime propensity.

Master Trait

A stable trait present at birth that influences behavior throughout life.

James Q. Wilson and Richard Herrnstein

Published 'Crime and Human Nature,' arguing personal traits can predict criminal behavior.

Perceived Consequences

Involves deciding to commit criminal behavior after weighing potential gains and losses.

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment

A study that changed police policies regarding domestic violence enforcement.

Recidivism Rates and Domestic Violence Arrests

Found to be reduced by 50 percent

Study on School Shooters

Found social rejection to be the most common trait among school shooters from 1995 to 2001.

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey

Reported that 1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men experience physical violence by an intimate partner.

RAINN Study on Acquaintance Rape

Found that as much as 7 out of 10 rapes are committed by an acquaintance.

Police Foundation Study

Found police intervened in 85 percent of domestic violence cases resulting in spousal homicides at least once in the previous 2 years.

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Attributed to 10 to 12 percent of all deaths due to abuse and neglect.

Study on Rape Facilitation

Suggested nearly 11 million women have been raped while incapacitated by drugs or alcohol.

Massachusetts Treatment Center Typologies

Fixated child sexual offenders have a long-standing preference for children.

Motivations for Rape

Opportunity, pervasive anger, sexual gratification, vindictiveness

Massachusetts Treatment Center (MTC) categories of rapists

Displaced aggressive rapists, compensatory rapists, sexually agressive/sadistic rapists, impulse rapists

FBI’s Homicide categories

Criminal enterprise murder, Personal cause murder, sexual homicide murder, serial killers, group cause murder

Visionary type of serial killing

Driven by voices or visions that demand a particular group of people be destroyed.

Mission-oriented type of killers

Driven to harm a particular group of people who are undesirable.

Hedonistic type of killers

Strive for pleasure and thrill seeking, feel people are objects for enjoyment.

Power/control-oriented type of killers

Strive to obtain satisfaction by having complete life-or-death control over the victim.

Gang rape

A form of rape involving multiple perpetrators.

Blitz rape

A sudden and violent form of rape.

Stranger rape

Rape committed by an unknown assailant.

Serial rape

Repeated acts of rape by the same perpetrator.

Date rape

Rape that occurs in the context of a dating situation.

Acquaintance rape

Rape committed by someone the victim knows. Majority of the rapes.

Marital rape

Rape occurring within a marriage.

Statutory rape

Sexual activity in which one participant is below the age of consent.

Robbery in open

Includes most street muggings, purse snatchings, and similar attacks.

Commercial robberies

Robbery of a business establishment.

Robbery of private homes

Involves breaking into an individual's home or premise.

Acquaintance robbery

Robbery of an individual after a chance meeting or encounter.

Carjacking

The completed or attempted theft of a motor vehicle by force or threat of force.

Playing with matches fire setter

Youngest fire starters, usually between ages 4 and 9, who set fires due to careless parents.

Crying for help fire setter

Juvenile fire setter aged 7 to 13 who uses fire to reduce stress.

Delinquent fire setter

Youth setting fire to school property or surrounding areas to retaliate.

Severely disturbed fire setter

Juvenile obsessed with fires, likely to set numerous fires with potential for death and damage.

Worldwide cost of credit card theft

Causes a loss of $5.5 billion dollars.

Domestic abuser characteristics

Low self-esteem, insecurity, and use violence for control.

Most significant turning points

Marriage and career.

Adolescent-limited offenders

Juvenile delinquents who stop offending around their 18th birthday.

Number of hate crimes in 2020

Just over 8,000 hate crimes reported to authorities.

Most common form of domestic violence

Sibling violence.

Number of deaths from child abuse/neglect

Approximately 1,500 children die every year in the United States.

Most prolific arsonists in America

Juveniles.

Credit card liability limit

Congress passed a law limiting liability to $50 per stolen card.

When did marital rape become a crime in all 50 states?

1993

When did murder rates peak in the United States?

During the Great Depression in 1933.

What are obstacles with prosecuting statutory rape?

Victim's reluctance to testify, relationship issues, or a parent's blessing of the relationship.

How many children witness domestic abuse each year?

Up to 10 million children witness intimate partner abuse every year.

What are reasons for adults committing arson?

To obtain money during a period of financial difficulty, to remove outdated inventory while collecting the insurance, to pay off debts created by the owner, to relocate the business while collecting insurance, to take advantage of government programs such as grants or bailouts, to file bankruptcy, to eliminate competition, to seek revenge as a disgruntled employee, to conceal other crimes such as murder, embezzlement, or fraud.

When and where did protection orders start?

In 1976, Pennsylvania became the first state to enact laws, which allowed victims of abuse to seek a protection order.

How often is a woman assaulted in the United States?

Every 9 seconds a woman is abused in the United States.

How often is a person sexually assaulted in the United States?

An individual is raped or sexually assaulted every 98 seconds.

What is the average age of a sex trafficking victim?

The United States Department of Justice found the average age of a sex trafficking victim was just 15 years old.

When and where was the first specialized domestic violence court developed?

The first specialized domestic violence court was developed in New York City in 1966.

What are the different phases of child sexual abuse?

The engagement phase, the progression phase, the suppression phase

What are motives for burglary?

Drugs or money; 37 percent of convicted burglars surveyed stated money was the motivation, often used to support a drug habit, while a small number committed the crimes due to mental issues such as psychosis or Alzheimer's symptoms.

What items do burglars typically seek?

Many amateur burglars strike vulnerable soft targets during daylight hours and steal items that can easily be pawned, traded, or sold, such as computers, cell phones, tablets, cash, and jewelry.

What are different date rape drugs used?

Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and Ketamine.

How many active serial killers are in the United States?

According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), approximately 20 active serial killers are found within society at one time.

How many calls does the Domestic Violence Hotline receive?

The Domestic Violence Hotline fields about 19,000 calls per day.

What is the average loss due to arson?

An average loss is approximately $15,573.

When do most burglaries occur?

During daytime.

What is the rate of robbery per 100,000 people?

The rate is about 98.0 per 100,000 people.

What is Megan's Law?

In 1994, the first sexual offender community notification law passed in the United States.

What is the Curtain Rule?

In 1874, established in North Carolina, which restricted police intervention beyond the household curtain in cases of wife battering.

What is the Rule of Thumb?

An 1782 English court ruling relating to domestic violence, stating a man can beat his wife with a stick as long as the stick is no thicker than his thumb.

What is the Jacob Wetterling Act?

In 1994, Congress required all states to implement a sexual offender and crimes against children registry database.

Kansas v. Hendricks?

In 1997, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of sexual registration laws.

What was the increase of domestic violence under lockdown orders?

In San Antonio, Texas, police received an 18 percent increase while in Portland, Oregon, a 22 percent increase was reported.

What percentage of AMBER alerts were for family abduction cases in 2020?

63 percent of all America's Missing Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) alerts that were issued were for family abduction cases.

What is the increase in credit card theft?

There has been a 44.7 percent increase in credit card theft from 2019.

What percentage of burglaries occur during daylight hours?

Studies show about 62 percent of burglaries occur during daylight hours.

What percentage of child sexual abuse cases are reported to authorities?

One study suggested only 35 percent of child sexual abuse cases are reported to authorities.