Studied by 46 PeopleMicronutrients
Tags & Description
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts
Macronutrients
, fat, protein and carbohydrate needed by the body in large amounts
Metabolism
the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life.
Catabolism
the metabolic reactions that breakdown larger molecules into smaller subunits
anabolism
the metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits
metabolic rate
the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy
ATP
adenosine triphosphate: a substance found in all living tissue that is made up of an adenosine molecule linked to three phosphate groups. Energy for physiological functions like muscle contraction is provided by the breakdown of one phosphate bond (to generate adenosine diphosphate, ADP).
conversions
1 calorie= 1000 calories of 4180J 2.2 lbs=1 kg 1 ft= 12 in 1in = 25 cm
Macromolecules
are very large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules that are linked together.
How is the metabolic rate affected?
Body size: the larger the body the more energy is required to stay alive. Physical activity: Muscle burns more energy than fat, so physical activity requires more energy. Sex: males are typically larger in size and have a greater proportion in muscle mass than females age: decreases within age (lack of physical activity and the loss of muscle mass) Hereditary factors: some individuals have a naturally high metabolic rate. In these individuals, the chemical energy obtained from food is very quickly converted into other forms of energy.
nutrient
a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive; nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy
hormone
a chemical signal or messenger molecule, circulated through the body and used to coordinate cellular functions.
Carbohydrates
the main source of energy for the human body -made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen -provide materials to build cell membrane provide energy for use by cells (short term-glucose) (long term-glycogen) Examples: Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch,glycogen, cellulose (regulate stool, helps body store water).
the six essential nutrients in order to stay healthy
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, and minerals
Monosaccharides
consists of a single sugar molecule
most basic -ring-shaped structures examples: glucose and fructose (found in fruit)
Disaccharides
made up of two simple sugars Example: (sucrose, maltose)
Polysaccharides
many simple sugar molecules can join together to form large carbohydrates.
Lipids
store energy reserves for later use by cells
cushion and insulates the internal organs examples: fats, oil, wax
store 2 times more energy per gram than other biological molecules
Proteins
provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles
Aid in muscle movements such as contraction -Acts as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the cells
Provide immunity against infection and disease
Transports ions in cell membranes examples: Insulin, hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes -made up of hundreds of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds
Nucleic acids
contains the organism's, genetic information
Direct the growth of the organism Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
composed of repeated subunits of sugar, phosphate, and nucleobase.
Vitamin
an organic molecule that the body requires in small amounts as a essential nutrient
Mineral
an element, such as calcium or phosphorus, required by the body in small amounts; plays a role in cell processes and repair
Monomer (unit)
a simple molecule with two or more binding sites
polymer (unit)
are composed of large numbers of linked , small repeat units
Triglyceride
a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that are bonded together
why do we need water
made up of 55-60 percent of water
converts nutrients
keeps nasal cavity moist
helps remove waste (cellular respiration) -helps repair -helps deliver -helps joints -helps nerve cells -regulation absorber (shock absorber)
Fat soluble
vitamins A,D,E and K - stored in the body's healthy tissues for future use
not easy to eliminate if needed
vit K is synthesized by special bacteria found in the large intestine -vit D is formed in the sun when the skin is exposed to sunlight
Water soluble
vitamins B and C cannot be stored in the body and excess quantities are eliminated in urine.
gastrovascular cavity
a simple, sac-like digestive cavity that has only one opening through which food is taken in and wastes are expelled
catabolic
breaking down or loosing muscle mass
gastrointestinal tract
the passageway or tube that extends from the mouth to the anus and in which the process of digestion takes place.
Hydrolysis
the chemical reaction in which water breaks apart macronutrients (lysis) into smaller molecules
anabolyic
building and maintaining muscle mass
dehydration synthesis
the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water mole cule is released.
enzymes
any chemical produced by cells that facilitates biochemical reactions in the body, such as those involved in digestion and metabolism; all enzymes are proteins.
amylase
an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates
mucus
it is a protective secretion that lubricates and aids in the swallowing of bolus.
pathogens
infectious microbes that cause sickness and diease
Four stages of digestion
Ingestion - taking of nutrients
Digestion - breaking down of complex molecules into smaller components by enzymes and by chewing
Absorption - transport of digested nutrients into the circulatory system and to the tissues of the body
Egestion - removal of waster food materials from the body
catalysis
are enzymes
speeds up processes
Saliva
contains enzymes that help increase the rate of chemical reactions
mucus is found in saliva, it is a protective secretion that lubricates and aids in swallowing of bolus (ball of food)
The breaking of chemical bonds
involves an enzyme ( a biological catalyst that increases the rate of reactions but is not "used up" in the reaction). the substance that an enzyme combines with is very specific. the enzyme amylase will only work on breaking starches (polysaccharides) down into disaccharides.
Digestive enzymes
starch is broken down by carbohydrase into simple sugars Proteins are broken down by protease into amino acids Lipids are broken down by lipase into Glycerol and fatty acids
acidic pH
the enzyme pepsin in the stomach
Neutral pH
the enzyme amylase in saliva
Basic pH
the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine
Amylase
macromolecule - carbohydrate product breakdown - a simple sugar
produced in the salivary glands & functions in the mouth
Lipase
macromolecule - lipid product of breakdown- glycerol and fatty acids produced in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine with the help of bile which was produced in the liver but stored in the gallbladder
Pepsin
macromolecule - protein product of breakdown - amino acid produced by the stomach glands and functions in the stomach