APUSH Period 3 Notes Overview

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43 Terms

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The Crisis of Empire, Revolution, and Nation Building

The period from 1754-1800 marked by Great Britain's attempts to control its North American colonies, leading to colonial resistance and the American Revolution.

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French and Indian (Seven Years) War (1754-1763)

  • Beginning: George Washington and militia was sent by colonies to gain control of French forts on the Ohio River Valley, but failed

  • Albany Plan of Union

    Immediate Effects:

  • No European powers left in America

  • British Naval dominates

  • Natives experiencing more autonomy

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Salutary Neglect

The British policy before the French and Indian War that allowed colonies to operate with minimal interference, which changed after the war.

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Taxation Without Representation

The colonial grievance against British taxes imposed without colonial consent, leading to resistance and the independence movement.

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Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine (1776) advocating for American independence from Great Britain, emphasizing the disadvantages of remaining connected to Britain.

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Declaration of Independence

The document ratified on July 4, 1776, outlining grievances against King George III and asserting the colonies' right to self-governance.

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Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, establishing a weak central government that struggled to address various challenges.

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Constitutional Convention

The 1787 meeting where delegates drafted the U.S. Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation, addressing the need for a stronger central government.

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Federalism

The system established by the Constitution that divides powers between the national and state governments, allowing for a balance of authority.

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Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect individual liberties and address Anti-Federalist concerns about government power.

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Shays’s Rebellion

A 1786 uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and prompting calls for reform.

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Great Compromise

The agreement during the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature, balancing representation by population and equal state representation.

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Federalists vs

The debate between supporters of the Constitution (Federalists) and opponents (Anti-Federalists) over the balance of power in the new government.

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Natural Rights

The Enlightenment principle that individuals have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property, influencing revolutionary thought and the Declaration of Independence.

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Republican Motherhood

The idea that women had a role in shaping the moral and civic values of the new nation, emphasizing their importance in the republic.

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Pinckney’s Treaty

The 1795 agreement between the U.S. and Spain allowing American navigation of the Mississippi River and defining borders in Florida.

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Neutrality Act

The 1793 legislation by President Washington to maintain U.S. neutrality in European conflicts, warning against permanent alliances.

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Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's 1793 invention that revolutionized cotton production in the South, increasing reliance on slavery and shaping the southern economy.

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General Edward Braddock

  • A British general during the French and Indian War.

  • Known for leading an expedition against Fort Duquesne in 1755, but failed.

  • His defeat marked a significant setback for British forces in North America.

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Albany Plan of Union (Intercolonial government) 1754

  • meeting of representatives from several American colonies.

  • Aimed to create a unified government for the colonies to better defend against threats by recruiting troops and enforcing taxation, like attacks from Native Americans and the French.

  • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin

  • The plan was never approved, as the colonies preferred to keep their independence.

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Peace of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Years war

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Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

  • Initiated by Chief Pontiac (Native)

  • Angered by west expansion of Britain and poor treatment

  • Attacked and rebelled

    Result:

  • British send troops

  • Britain regulates west expansion with future laws to avoid conflict

  • Recognition of Native autonomy

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Proclamation of 1763

  • Issued by King George III following the conclusion of the French and Indian War.

  • Aimed to stabilize relations with Native Americans by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

  • Established a boundary line to prevent conflicts between settlers and indigenous peoples.

  • This policy was met with resistance from colonists eager for westward expansion.

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Patrick Henery

  • Most influential during Stamp Act 1775

  • Founding Father and Governor of Virginia

  • fiery speeches advocating for independence from British rule.

  • "Give me liberty, or give me death!"

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Stamp Act Congress (1765)

A gathering of (9/13) colonial delegates to discuss responses to the Stamp Act and to organize resistance.

  • Held in New York

  • British king doesn’t have authority to tax colonists due to lack of colonial representation in parliament

  • Resulted in the draft of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

  • Boycott

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Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society formed in 1765 in response to the Stamp Act that engaged in protests, boycotts, and acts of civil disobedience

  • Exp: vandalized, destroyed stamped goods, and harmed revenue officials.

  • Key figure includes Samuel Adams

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John Dickinson's "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" (1767-1768)

Series of essays that expressed that the British had the right to regulate colonies trade and commerce, but NOT taxing without consent from assemblies (colonies reps)

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James Otis

  • Member of Massachusetts Legislators: “Master of the Laws”

  • Wrote Massachusetts Circular Letter (with Samuel Adams): Petition sent to every legislator in colonies to protest against Townshed Acts (1767)

  • Argued against the Writ of Assistance

  • “No taxation without representation”

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Samuel Adams

  • Leader of Massachusetts Patriots (separate from Britain)

  • Organized Boston Tea Party, to protest against taxation

  • Established Committee of Correspondence

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Committee of Correspondence (1772)

Exchange of letters between colonies regarding suspicious British activities that may be seen as a threat to the colonies.

  • Facilitated communication

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Intolerable Acts (1774)

Series of Acts (coercive and Quebec) that aimed to punish the colonies AFTER the Boston tea party

  • Seen as “intolerable” by the colonists

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Whigs

  • Dominant political party in British Parliament

  • Parliament > King (corrupt)

  • Key Figure: John Locke

  • Inspired colonists independence

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Lord Fedrick North

  • Becomes new Prime Minister in 1770 replacing Lord George Grenvile

  • Repealed Townshed acts

  • Kept small tax on tea

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Charles Townshed (1767)

  • Replaces Greenvile treasure position

  • Implemented Townshed acts

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Lord George Grenville

  • Held prime minister and treasurer position (in beginning of 1760’s)

  • Gets treasurer position replaced before resigning prime minister position

  • Implemented Sugar/Revenue act of 1764, Quartering act of 1765, and Stamp act of 1765

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Sugar Act (1764)

A British law imposing STRICTER ENFORCEMENT OF taxes on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies as well as other goods including wine, coffee, and indigo

  • aimed at reducing smuggling and increasing revenue due to French and Indian war debt

  • Also required prosecuted smugglers tried by crown appointed judge with no jury

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Quartering Act 1765

Colonists had to provide for stationed British Troops food and living quarters

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Stamp Act (1765)

A British tax requiring colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents, newspapers, and other publications.

  • First tax that was directly imposed for the colonists to pay, while previously merchants had to pay and increase price of goods to compensate

  • Imposed to increase funds to support British military

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Declaratory Act (1766)

A British law asserting Parliament's authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

  • Response to the colonial opposition of the Stamp Act

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Townshend Revenue Acts (1767)

A series of British laws imposing duties on ALL imported goods, leading to colonial protests.

  • Implemented to pay for British Officials working in the colonies which lead to their independence of colonial assemblies

  • Writ of Assistance- License to search anyone, even private property and ships, if suspected of smuggling

  • Seen as an invasion of property since the writ didn’t specific conditions in which British Officials could search by colonists

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Tea Act (1773)

A British law allowing the East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies to avoid bankruptcy at a cheaper price

  • Also to bribe colonists to buy and thus recognizing Parliaments right to tax

  • lead to colonial boycotts

  • Boston Tea Party: colonists disguised as Natives dumped hundreds of chests of tea —> Had mixed opinion (+ defend liberties, - too radical)

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Coercive Acts (1774)

  • Punish colonists for Boston Tea Party

  1. Port Act: Closed Boston port → Restricted Trade → Damaged Boston economy

  2. Massachusetts Government Act: Decreased power of Massachusetts legislator by restricting meetings resulting in increased power of Royal Government

  3. Administration of Justice Act: Royal officers accused of crime tried in Britain to protect from colonial resentment

  • Expanded Quartering Act to PRIVATE HOMES

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Quebec Act (1774)

Organize newly gained territory from France

  • Expanded, + territory, Quebec more east → Colonists fear their lands may be taken away

  • Declared official religion of Quebec territory as Roman Catholic → RESENTMENT from protestant majority colonies

  • No representative government (assemblies) in Quebec → Colonists fear that their self-governing could also be taken away from the British Government