Period 1: The Renaissance to the Wares of Religion (1450-1648)

Georgio Vasari

* A 16th-century painter, architect, and writer.
* He used the Italian word ***rinascita*** (rebirth) to describe the Renaissance era.

secular concerns

Italian Renaissance writers mainly focused on what concerns?

Religious concerns

Renaissance in northern Europe is more interested in what concerns?

city-states

Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, Renaissance Italy's ____ were at the heart of Europe's economic, political, and cultural life.

Holy Roman Empire

They were in control of the town of northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

Popolo

An urban underclass who wanted their share of wealth and political power.

Ciompi Revolt (1378)

A revolt formed by the Popolo who expressed their dissatisfaction with the political and economic order by staging a violent struggle against the government in Florence.

Sforza

A family of mercenaries.

Medici

This family used their banking wealth to establish themselves as the Florentine republic's behind-the-scenes rulers and later as hereditary dukes of the city.

patrons

Wealthy Italians became important ____of arts and insisted on the development of secular art forms.

Central Italy

This part of Italy was ideal for creating links between the Greek culture of the East and the Latin culture of the West.

Southern Italy

This part of Italy had been home to many Greek colonies and later served as the center of the Roman Empire.

Francesco Petrarch

He is often considered the founder of humanism.

Cicero

a philosopher and a politician who provided accounts of the collapse of the Roman Republic.

Dark Ages

A word used to denote what Petrarch thought was the cultural decline that took place following the collapse of the Roman world in the 5th century.

Ciceronian style

Petrarch’s goal writing style.

civic humanists

a group of young wealthy Florentines.

Oration on the Dignity of Man

written by Pico Della Mirandola; expressed here is the positive Platonic view of human potential.

Pico Della Mirandola

He wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man.

Florentine Platonic Academy

Sponsored by Cosimo de Medici; merged platonic philosophy with Christianity to Neoplatonism.

Castiglione

He wrote **The Courtier** in 1528.

Renaissance Man

A person who knew several languages, was familiar with classical literature, and was also skilled in arts

Lorenzo Valla

* He realized that languages can tell a history all their own.
* He proved that the ***Donation of Constantine*** turned control of the western half of his empire over to the papacy, and could *not have been written by Constantine*.

Vulgate Bible

The standard Latin Bible of the Middle Ages.

Leonardo Bruni

he established an educational program for women — tellingly left out of his curriculum the study of rhetoric — those critical parts of male education.

Christine de Pisan

* A daughter of the physician to the French King Charles V.
* She received a fine humanist education.
* She wrote ***The City of Ladies*** (1405) to counter the popular notion that women were inferior to men and incapable of making moral choices.

City of Ladies

De Pisan wrote that women have to go out of their comfort zones or move to this city to flourish their abilities.

individualism

With the rise of _____, Renaissance artists are now regarded as significant individuals in their own right.

Filippo Brunelleschi’s Dome

This dome over the Cathedral of Florence — the first dome to be completed in western Europe since the downfall of the Roman Empire.

frescos

In the *Middle Age*s, painting consisted of _____ on wet plaster or tempera on wood.

oil painting

In the *15th century*, this painting was developed in northern Europe and became the dominant method in Italy.

chiaroscuro

the use of contrasts between light and dark, to create three-dimensional images.

single-point perspective

a painting style that enables painters to create more realistic environments for their work by having all of the features converge at one point in the distance.

High–Renaissance

* During this movement, the center of the Renaissance moved from Florence to Rome.
* This movement lasted until around the 1520s and is also called **Late Renaissance** or **Mannerism.**

Leonardo da Vinc

* He was labeled as a Renaissance man.
* He was a military engineer, an architect, a sculptor, a scientist, and an inventor whose sketchbooks reveal a remarkable mind that came up with workable designs for submarines and helicopters.
* **Mona Lisa** is one of his famous paintings.

Raphael

He painted “The School of Athens“.

Michelangelo

* He exemplified in his final work in the Sistine Chapel, the brilliant yet disturbing ***Final Judgment***.
* David is one of his sculptural masterpieces.

Northern Renaissance

The _____ was a more religious movement than the Italian Renaissance.

Christian Humanists

These are northern writers who criticized their mother church.

Praise of Folly

In this writing, Erasmus used satire as a means of criticizing what he thought were the problems of the Church.

Handbook of Christian Knight

In this writing, Erasmus emphasized in this work the idea of inner faith as opposed to the outer forms of worship.

Desiderius Erasmus

He also made a *Latin Translation* of the New Testament

Sir Thomas More

* He also coined the word ***utopia***, which means ‘nowhere.’
* He criticized many aspects of modern society and aimed to paint a picture of a society where political and economic injustices were curbed by holding all property in common.
* He was very critical of some church practices, but in the end, he gave his life to uphold his convictions.

Albrecht Dürer

A brilliant draftsman, whose woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution brought about by his fellow German Martin Luther:

England

The greatest achievements in the arts in Northern Europe in the 16th to 17th centuries — took place in _____.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Who wrote **Canterbury Tales**?

The Decameron

Canterbury Tales was based on this book by Boccaccio.

Elizabeth Renaissance

Explains the emergence of the sheer number of men possessing exceptional talent during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Shakespeare

Marlowe and Jonson’s greatest rival.

monastic scriptorium

The traditional method of producing books, which involved a monk working diligently in a ______, was incapable of meeting the increased demand.

Johannes Gutenberg

He introduced a movable type of printing press to western Europe.

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Reformation

The ability to disseminate printed material quickly almost certainly contributed to the spread of the ____.

Protestant Reformation

This movement caused a great split in Western Christendom, displacing the pope as Europe's sole religious authority.

Black Death

A ferocious outbreak of plague, struck the population of Europe.

anticlericalism

a measure of contempt for the clergy, arising in part from what many saw as individual clergymen's poor performance during the plague's crisis years.

Pietism

The notion of a direct relationship between the individual and God — thereby reducing the importance of the hierarchical Church based in Rome.

14th century

This century was a *disaster* for the Church — with the papacy under French dominance in the city of Avignon for almost 70 years.

Great Schism

During this period of the early 15th century, there were *three popes* at the same time — all trying to excommunicate one another.

Simony

The selling of church offices — is considered one of the issues faced.

John Wycliffe

He questioned the Church's material wealth, the miracle of sacramental, and penance doctrines, and, in a foretaste of Luther's ideas, the sale of indulgences.

Jan Hus

* He led a revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements.
* He was horrified by what he saw as the clergy's immoral behavior.

indulgences

The first issue that brought attention to Luther was the debate over _____.

Albert of Hohenzollern

In 1517, ____, who had already held two *bishoprics*, was offered the *Archbishopric of Mainz*.

Fuggers

the great banking family of the age.

Johann Tetzel

He was sent to preach indulgence throughout Germany with the famous phrase “*As soon as the gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs.*”

95 Theses

Luther was horrified by the behavior of Tetzel and tacked up his ______ , the medieval way of indicating that an issue should be debated.

John Eck

A prominent theologian that challenged Luther.

Address to the Christian Nobility

In Luther’s _______, he urged that a secular government had the right to reform the Church.

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

In Luther’s _____, he attacked other teachings of the Church, such as the sacraments.

Liberty of a Christian Man

In Luther’s ______, he hit on what would become the basic elements of Lutheran belief: grace is the sole gift of God; therefore, one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source of this faith.

Frederick, the Elector of Saxony

He was sympathetic to Luther’s ideas or at least wanted him to be given a public hearing.

Diet of Worms

A meeting of the German nobility.

Philip Melanchthon

Luther and his friend _____ decided to *establish a new church free of papal control* based on his revolutionary ideas.

transubstantiation

he miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ, an act that could be performed only by an ordained priest.

Protestantism

The term today is used very broadly and means any non-Catholic or non-Eastern Orthodox Christian faith.

German Peasants’ Revolt

The revolt arose as a result of the German peasants' intensifying economic circumstances and their belief, articulated in the Twelve Articles, that Luther's call for a "*priesthood of all believers*" was a message of *social egalitarianism*.

Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Luther published a violently angry tract in which he urged that no mercy be shown to the revolutionaries.

Emperor Maximilian

When ______ died in 1519, Charles V was caught in a struggle with French King Francis I to see who would sit on the imperial throne.

Schmalkaldic War

War fought between Charles and some of the Protestant princes.

Peace of Augsburg

This treaty granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in those territories ruled by a Lutheran ruler, while a Catholic ruler ensured that the territory remained Catholic.

Radical Reformation

Describes a variety of religious sects that developed during the 16th century, inspired in part by Luther’s challenge to the established Church.

Anabaptists

* A group who denied the idea of infant baptism.
* They believed that baptism works only when it is practiced by adults who are fully aware of the decision they are making.

Rebaptism

_____ was declared a capital offense throughout the Holy Roman Empire, something on which both the pope and Luther heartily agreed.

Antitrinitarians

A group who denied the scriptural validity of the Trinity, were part of the Radical Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingli

* His teachings began to make an impact on the residents of the Swiss city of Zurich.
* He accused monks of indolence and high living.
* In 1519, he specifically rejected the veneration of saints and called for the need to distinguish between factual and fictional accounts of their lives.

John Calvin

His main ideas are found in his **Institutes of the Christian Religion** — he argued that grace was bestowed on relatively few individuals, and the rest were consigned to hell.

Calvinism

It began to spread rapidly in the 1540s and 1550s, becoming the established church in Scotland.

Huguenots

In France, the Calvinists were known as _____.

Pilgrims

Puritans who grew tired of of religious harassment from the mainstream Anglican church and fled England to Holland; they saved enough money to build a pair of ships, which they used to sail across the Atlantic Ocean, where they established a new colony in Massachusetts.

Henry VIII

* A powerful English Monarch was supportive of the Catholic Church.
* He criticized Luther by writing a pamphlet — ***The Defence of the Seven Sacraments***.
* He was never comfortable with Protestant Theology.

King’s Great Matter

The story of the English Reformation which involved King Henry VIII’s attempt to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, *Catherine of Aragon*.

Reformation Parliament

In November 1529, Henry VIII began this parliament and used this to give him ultimate authority on religious matters.

Act in Restraint of Appeals

n April 1533, Parliament enacted a statute which declared that all spiritual cases within the kingdom were within the king’s jurisdiction and authority and not the pope’s.

Elizabeth Tudor

Henry VIII’s child with Anne Boleyn

Edward Tudor

Henry VIII’s child with Jane Seymour

Mary Tudor

Henry VIII’s child with Catherine of Aragon.

MAry Tudor

She was considered as the Bloody Mary during her reign.

Counter-Reformation

It was a ____ in the sense that the Catholic Church was taking steps to counteract some of the successes of the Protestant side.

Papal Inquisition

The _____ was also revived, and people who were deemed to be heretics were put to death for their religious beliefs.

Council of Trent

* It was the centerpiece of the Catholic Reformation.
* It was dominated by the papacy and enhanced its power.
* It took steps to address some of the issues that sparked the Reformation, including placing limits on **simony** — the selling of church offices.