Basic Chemistry and Cellular Biology

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms related to matter, energy, elements, atomic structure, chemical bonds, metabolism, and diffusion from the provided notes.

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

kinetic energy

energy in motion

potential energy

stored energy

Oxygen

(O)

Carbon

(C)

Hydrogen

(H)

Nitrogen

(N)

Protons (+)

In the nucleus

Neutrons (0)

In the nucleus

Electrons (-)

Orbit the nucleus

Ionic bonds

Transfer of electrons ($NaCl$)

Covalent bonds

Sharing of electrons ($H_2O$)

hydrogen bond

Weak bonds between molecules (important in DNA)

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in body

Catabolism

Breakdown reactions (digestion)

Simple Diffusion

Molecules move randomly down a concentration gradient.

Osmosis

Diffusion of solvent molecules, example, water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion facilitated by carrier proteins in the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Requires energy information of vesicles to move substances out of cell

Endocytosis

Requires energy information of vegetables to move substances into cells

Phagocytosis

Solids and cells and vesicles

Pinocytosis

Liquids enter cells and vesicles

Hypertonic solution

Has high solute concentration

Hypotonic solution

Has low solute concentration

Isotonic solutions

Have equal solute concentration

Concentration gradient

Refers to a difference in the number of molecules or ions of a substance between adjoining regions

Polar molecules

Have unequal sharing of electrons among atoms

Nonpolar molecules

Have equal sharing of electrons among atoms

Passive transport

No energy required

Active transport

Energy required ATP