Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes; Organelles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Archea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Bacteria

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

3 domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Eukaryote

A complex cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

contain their own organs AKA "organelles" and can live as single-celled organisms and they make up all multicellular organisms

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Ribosomes

makes proteins; assemble amino acids into proteins

4 kingdoms of eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Simplest eukaryotic organisms; single-celled and some looked like a green leaf

Kingdom Fungi

Consists of unicellular and multicellular organisms that cannot make their own food (heterotrophs) (mushrooms, molds, mildew)

Kingdom Plantae

Complex, multi-cellular organisms that use photosynthesis to make food. (mosses, flowering plants)

Kingdom Animalia

contain organisms that are multicellular eukaryotes including vertebrates and invertebrates. (sponges, hydra, insects, fish, mammals)

Cell Size is Limited

too little =cant contain all the organelles necessary to carry on there life processes
too big = too big for things to diffuse around in effectively and efficiently

The surface area-to-volume ratio of a cell

As a cell grows in size, its surface area to volume ratio decreases. It performs chemical reactions faster, but it has a harder time getting nutrients in and waste out.

The volume of a cell

determines the amount of chemical activity it can carry out per unit time.

The surface are of a cell

determines the amount of substances the cell can take in from the environment and the amount of waste it can release.

Organelle functions #1

transporting waste to cell membrane and out of the cell

Organelle functions #2

transforming energy in food (glucose) into energy cell functions

Organelle functions #3

maintaining the cell's structure

Organelle functions #4

making large biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Mitachondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth because it lacks ribosomes on its surface. An endomembrane system where lipids are created, processing of drugs and poison are absorbed, storing calcium ions

Protein transport

When the molecule is ready to be transported out of the Endoplasmic Reticulum it gets packaged into a transport vesicle. This vesicle is made of proteins from the ER then it travels to Golgi Apparatus.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell (digestive enzymes)

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues; carries out vital functions across cells

Chromosomes Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: have one chromosome which is double-stranded and circular. Eukaryotes: the number of chromosomes is dependent on different species; tightly coiled of DNA and associated proteins make up chromatin

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Histones

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

Centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

endomembrane system

This system is involved in the production and transportation of cell's protein and other products or waste. Separates cells into different compartments or organelles

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

plasma membrane

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and other molecules interspersed throughout; it is a barrier between the cell interior and the exterior environment

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Insulin

protein hormone made by cells of pancreas that enables tp take cells to take glucose in from blood

Endocytosis

opposite of exocytosis; process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Pintocytosis

cellular drinking; taking in liquids but the cell wants substances within the liquid, not the actual liquid.

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

contractile vacuole

founded in certain single-celled protist; they act as pumps to get rid of excess water from the cell

food vaculoes

ingest food particles and then the particles fuse with a lysosomes which contains enzymes for digestion