Plant and animal cells - IGCSE Science

MRS GREN

MRS GREN

Movement

Respiration

Sensitivity

Growth

Reproduction

Excretion

Nutrition

Movement

action by an organism (or part of an organism)

causing change of place or position.

Reproduction

the process of making more of the same

kind of organism.

Sensitivity

ability to detect or sense changes (stimuli) in

the internal/external environment and responding to

them.

Growth

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

by an increase in size, cell number, or both

Respiration

chemical reactions in cells that break down

nutrient molecules to release energy for metabolism

Excretion

removal of waste products of metabolism, toxic

materials, and substances in excess of requirements.

Nutrition

obtaining materials necessary for energy,

growth, and development.

Control

the process where an organism regulates various

activities inside itself.

Prokaryote

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles - eg Bacteria

Eukaryotes

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Cell wall

made of a tough carbohydrate called cellulose.It strengthens the cell, providing support.

Chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis. They contain green pigment chlorophyll which absorbs light energy.

Permeant Vacuole

filled with cell sap - a store of dissolvedsugars, mineral ions and other solutes. (NOTE: animal cells have temporary ones)

Ribosomes

carry out protein synthesis. (One very important group of proteins are enzymes – they control chemical reactions in the cytoplasm)

Mitochondria

site of respiration – releases energy.

Cell division

Eukaryotic cells make new cells through a process called mitosis. This is where the chromosomes (DNA) in the nucleus divide in two to make an exact copy of itself or a clone.

Specialised Cells

As the developing organisms grow, their cells become specialised to carry out a particular function.This specialisation is under the control of genes and is called differentiation.

Nerve Cells

make up your brain and are responsible for sending electrical messages throughout the body, very quickly. They allow you to detect touch, smell, sight, sound and pain.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen all around the body and carry

the carbon dioxide back to your lungs to be

breathed out.

They only live for a few weeks and are then

replaced by new cells.

do NOT have a nucleus!

Sperm cells

Sperm are male sex cells, produced by

testes within,

Penetration & fertilisation of the egg is

their thing!

Enzymes in their head to reach the egg

inside,

Really long tail, and a shape that’s so

streamlined,

Mitochondria in abundance, to release

energy for swimming!

Egg Cells

These cells are some of the largest cells in a human

body

Only females have These cells.

Root Hair Cells

are found on the roots of plants.

They are elongated cells that serve to increase the surface area for

absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

Movement across cells

diffusion

osmosis

active transport

Diffusion

The net movement of molecules within a gas or

liquid

From a region of high concentration to a region of

lower concentration (down a concentration

gradient)

As a result of their random movement

Until an equilibrium is reached

Osmosis

It is the movement of water from a high water concentration

(dilute solution) to a low water concentration (concentrated

solution) through a partially permeable membrane.

Active transport

Movement of particles against the concentration gradient

(from a region of low concentration to a region of high

concentration).