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Franz Peter Schubert
Considered one of the last Classical composers and the first Romantic ones
Name for his songs is lieder
Austrian
Compositions: Ave Maria, Swan Song, Unfinished Symphony, Erlkonig, Gretchen am Spinnrade
Giuseppe Verdi
Most of his works are serious love stories with unhappy endings
Composed 25 operas
Oberto (his first), All the world’s a joke (final), La Traviata, Rigoletto, Falstaff, Aida
Richard Wagner
Advocate of a new form of opera called “music drama”
Influences later film scores
Compositions: Tristan and Isolde, Die Walkyrie, Die Meistersinger, Tannhauser, Parsifal
Libretto
Text of an opera
Score
Book composer and librettist put together
Recitative
Declamatory singing, used in prose parts and dialogue
Aria
Solo part of a principal character
Acts
Main divisions of an opera
Scene
Setting or place
Coloratura
Highest soprano voice
Lyric
Bright and full sound
Dramatic
Darker full sound
A Capella
One or more singers singing without instrumental accompaniment
Coda
Closing section
Dolce
sweetly
Falsetto
Weak, airy voice in the higher pitch ranges
Tessitura
Most comfortable range of a singer
Vibrato
Rapidly repeated slight pitch vibration during a sustained note
Arena
The audience surrounds all sides of the stage, the earliest theater
Thrust
The audience is only on three sides of the stage
Proscenium
The audience is only on one side of the stage
Greek Theater
Started at 700 B.C, it honors many Gods with festivals
Orchestra
A larger circular/ rectangular at the center part of the theater where all acts took place
Theatron
The viewing place
Skene
Stage in theater
Parados
Side entrance
Tragedy
Dealt with tragic events and unhappy endings
Thespis
First actor and introduced the use of masks. Called the “Father of Tragedy”
Comedy
They were derived from imitations, no origins can be traced back.
Aristophanes
Wrote most comedy plays
Lysistrata
A humorous tale about a strong woman who led a female coalition to end war in Greece
Cyclops
An adventurous comedy by Euripides
Satyr
Contains comic elements to lighten up the mood or serious play with a happy ending
Roman Theater (300 B.C)
Began in the 3rd Century BC. Chariots, races, and gladiators were the common themes, although the Christians heavily opposed this.
Triumvir Pompey
One of the first non-permanent (wooden) theater in Rome
Medieval Era
In this era performances were not allowed throughout Europe. Instead, they performed in markets, festivals and public places.
Mystery of Adam
The story revolves around Adam and Eve and ends with the devil capturing and bringing them to hell
Limelight
First spotlight that was used in theUS
Salvador F. Bernal
Father of Theater Design in the Philippines
First to develop it as a profession
Received the award National Artist
Romantic Theater
Melodrama and operas were the most popular art forms
Melodrama
Derived from Greek “melos” (music) and “dran” (to perform”
Dramatic work that puts characters in danger
Masks
Advance the universality of the themes and the dramatic impact of the events and to keep the audience from being distracted by the actual, physical attributes of the actors
Gestures and Movements
Facial expression was of no importance to Greek actors, since they were always masked.
Music
Sophocles also used the Chorus at the beginning of the play to help tell the audience the given circumstances of the play. Choruses did a lot of lamenting of terrible events.
Staging
The Parthenon’s facade, has the design of Ionic order columns with cornice and moldings on the top, and elevated by 5 step-risers at the center, and has a platform in front near the audience.
Costumes
Men wore loose floor length poncho with pleated shoulder while females wore draped robes.
Badminton
Originated from game “poona” of English army officers stationed in India
Volleyball
By William J. Morgan in 1895 at Holyoke Massachusetts
Initially called “mintoinette”
Bowling
Called “tenpins”
From Ancient Egypt 7000 years ago
It gained popularity in Germany as a ritual
Hiking
Walking for pleasure, often associated with climbing and mountaineering
Biking
Invented by German baron Karl von Drais at 1818
“The Running Machine”
Yoga
Derived from Sanskrit root “Yuj” meaning “to unite”
Spiritual discipline