MAPEH: 4th Quarter

Franz Peter Schubert

• Considered one of the last Classical composers and the first Romantic ones

• Name for his songs is lieder

• Austrian

• Compositions: Ave Maria, Swan Song, Unfinished Symphony, Erlkonig, Gretchen am Spinnrade

Giuseppe Verdi

• Most of his works are serious love stories with unhappy endings

• Composed 25 operas

• Oberto (his first), All the world’s a joke (final), La Traviata, Rigoletto, Falstaff, Aida

Richard Wagner

• Advocate of a new form of opera called “music drama”

• Influences later film scores

• Compositions: Tristan and Isolde, Die Walkyrie, Die Meistersinger, Tannhauser, Parsifal

Libretto

Text of an opera

Score

Book composer and librettist put together

Recitative

Declamatory singing, used in prose parts and dialogue

Aria

Solo part of a principal character

Acts

Main divisions of an opera

Scene

Setting or place

Coloratura

Highest soprano voice

Lyric

Bright and full sound

Dramatic

Darker full sound

A Capella

One or more singers singing without instrumental accompaniment

Coda

Closing section

Dolce

sweetly

Falsetto

Weak, airy voice in the higher pitch ranges

Tessitura

Most comfortable range of a singer

Vibrato

Rapidly repeated slight pitch vibration during a sustained note

Arena

The audience surrounds all sides of the stage, the earliest theater

Thrust

The audience is only on three sides of the stage

Proscenium

The audience is only on one side of the stage

Greek Theater

Started at 700 B.C, it honors many Gods with festivals

Orchestra

A larger circular/ rectangular at the center part of the theater where all acts took place

Theatron

The viewing place

Skene

Stage in theater

Parados

Side entrance

Tragedy

Dealt with tragic events and unhappy endings

Thespis

First actor and introduced the use of masks. Called the “Father of Tragedy”

Comedy

They were derived from imitations, no origins can be traced back.

Aristophanes

Wrote most comedy plays

Lysistrata

A humorous tale about a strong woman who led a female coalition to end war in Greece

Cyclops

An adventurous comedy by Euripides

Satyr

Contains comic elements to lighten up the mood or serious play with a happy ending

Roman Theater (300 B.C)

Began in the 3rd Century BC. Chariots, races, and gladiators were the common themes, although the Christians heavily opposed this.

Triumvir Pompey

One of the first non-permanent (wooden) theater in Rome

Medieval Era

In this era performances were not allowed throughout Europe. Instead, they performed in markets, festivals and public places.

Mystery of Adam

The story revolves around Adam and Eve and ends with the devil capturing and bringing them to hell

Limelight

First spotlight that was used in theUS

Salvador F. Bernal

• Father of Theater Design in the Philippines

• First to develop it as a profession

• Received the award National Artist

Romantic Theater

Melodrama and operas were the most popular art forms

Melodrama

• Derived from Greek “melos” (music) and “dran” (to perform”

• Dramatic work that puts characters in danger

Masks

Advance the universality of the themes and the dramatic impact of the events and to keep the audience from being distracted by the actual, physical attributes of the actors

Gestures and Movements

Facial expression was of no importance to Greek actors, since they were always masked.

Music

Sophocles also used the Chorus at the beginning of the play to help tell the audience the given circumstances of the play. Choruses did a lot of lamenting of terrible events.

Staging

The Parthenon’s facade, has the design of Ionic order columns with cornice and moldings on the top, and elevated by 5 step-risers at the center, and has a platform in front near the audience.

Costumes

Men wore loose floor length poncho with pleated shoulder while females wore draped robes.

Badminton

• Originated from game “poona” of English army officers stationed in India

Volleyball

• By William J. Morgan in 1895 at Holyoke Massachusetts

• Initially called “mintoinette”

Bowling

• Called “tenpins”

• From Ancient Egypt 7000 years ago

• It gained popularity in Germany as a ritual

Hiking

Walking for pleasure, often associated with climbing and mountaineering

Biking

• Invented by German baron Karl von Drais at 1818

• “The Running Machine”

Yoga

• Derived from Sanskrit root “Yuj” meaning “to unite”

• Spiritual discipline