Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

These flashcards cover essential concepts from the introduction to anatomy and physiology, focusing on definitions, body systems, tissue types, and thermoregulation.

Anatomy is the study of __ of body parts and their relationships to one another.

the structure

Physiology is the study of how the body normally __.

functions

All organisms need to absorb __ substances and secrete wastes.

essential

The four basic types of animal tissues are __, __, __, and __.

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelial tissue regulates the passage of __ in and out of the body.

substances

Connective tissue provides physical __ to the body.

structure

Muscle tissue produces movement both of the body and within the __.

body

The two communication systems in the body are the system and the system.

Nervous, Endocrine

Homeostasis is the regulation of conditions in the body's __ environment.

internal

Homeostasis is maintained via __ feedback.

negative

A feedback loop includes a set point, a stimulus, a sensor, and a __.

response

In negative feedback, the __ shuts itself off when the set point is achieved.

response

Endotherms maintain a fairly consistent body __ regardless of external temperature.

temperature

Insulation prevents __ loss in endothermic animals.

heat

The circulatory system helps prevent heat __ under cold conditions.

loss

Heat can be gained or lost by __, evaporation, convection, and conduction.

radiation

Factors influencing metabolic rate include physical activity, torpor, and __.

hibernation

Evaporative heat loss occurs when water __, absorbing heat energy.

evaporates

All muscle contraction produces __ as a by-product.

heat

Brown fat uses the mitochondrial __ gradient to generate heat.

proton

Met metabolism includes all chemical __ occurring in a cell or organism.

reactions

Metabolic rate is the sum of all the __ an animal uses in a period of time.

energy

Body size influences metabolic rate; bigger animals have a __ metabolic rate.

higher

It takes more energy to maintain a gram of a __'s body than of an elephant's body.

mouse