Patho section 2

Anemia

A condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin content, reducing oxygen transport in the blood.

Signs of anemia

Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and tachycardia; severe anemia may lead to angina and congestive heart failure.

Iron deficiency anemia

A type of anemia caused by insufficient iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin synthesis and resulting in microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells.

Pernicious Anemia

A type of anemia characterized by very large, immature, nucleated erythrocytes, often resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency.

Aplastic anemia

A condition resulting from impairment or failure of bone marrow, leading to decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin (Hemoglobin S), resulting in crescent-shaped red blood cells that have a shorter lifespan.

Hemophilia A

The most common inherited clotting disorder caused by a deficit or abnormality of clotting factor VIII.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A life-threatening condition characterized by excessive bleeding and clotting, resulting in multiple thrombosis and hemorrhage.

Polycythemia

A neoplastic disorder characterized by an increase in red blood cell production, leading to increased blood volume and viscosity.

Leukemia

A malignancy where undifferentiated, immature leukocytes multiply uncontrollably in bone marrow, leading to high WBC counts and decreased RBCs.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, often involving painless enlarged lymph nodes.

Shock

A clinical condition characterized by decreased blood volume and tissue perfusion, leading to general hypoxia.

Hypovolemic shock

A type of shock resulting from loss of blood or plasma from the circulation.

Myocardial infarction

Damage to the heart muscle caused by the total obstruction of a coronary artery, often due to atherosclerosis.

Congestive heart failure

A condition where the heart cannot pump out sufficient blood to meet the body's metabolic demands.

Cardiac dysrhythmias

Deviations from normal cardiac rate or rhythm that reduce the efficiency of the heart's pumping cycle.

Cardiac arrest

A condition where there is a complete cessation of heart function due to the absence of electrical impulses.

Angina pectoris

Intermittent chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle, typically relieved by rest.

Signs of clotting disorders

Nosebleeds, bleeding gums, anemia, and rapid pulse caused by various conditions like immunodeficiency or vitamin K deficiency.

Malignant hypertension

Severe and uncontrollable hypertension that can lead to renal failure and hemorrhagic stroke.

Atherosclerosis

The presence of fatty plaques in large arteries, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.