Worldviews final

Genesis chapter 17

G-d’s covenant to Abraham to be fruitful and also promised the land of Canaan, and circumcision. His son isaac, will have 12 sons, the 12 kings of the tribes.

Exodus chapter 20

G-d’s 10 commandments to moses

Chronicles II chapter 36

King Jehoiakim and his successors, including the Babylonian captivity of Judah, Zedekiah rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldeans taking over Jerusalem, start of the sabbath, cyrus of Persia building temple

plato’s allegory of the cave

Difference between philosophers kings who can see and look for the truth vs. the people who only believe what they see as the truth

Plato’s apology of socrates

speech of socrates’s defense of not believing in the gods, and corrupting the youth. Socrates claims that those who think differently get killed by the government will lead to the collapse of athens

sermon on the mount

compassion: turn the other cheek, if you gossip, check yourself first, marrying divorced wife is adultery, if your body reacts its adultery chop it off

Nicene creed

Nicene creed=one god, the trinity, Jesus is god, baptism, decided by council of Nicaea

The night journey

Muhammad (PBUH) traveled from Mecca to Jerusalem on Buraq, a winged horse to the 7 levels of heaven to meet prophets and Allah. Found Salat and negotiated to 5 times a day with Allah.

Qur’an excerpt from the second Sura

Recognizes similarity between people of the book, common prophets (abraham, moses, etc.), states 5 pillars of Islam as way to complete covenant w/ Allah.

70 CE

Romans destroyed the second temple, took over Jerusalem, and caused diaspora to the Jewish population.

399 BCE

Socrates’s death, plato’s apology of socrates, he defended himself, killed by leaders of athens

313 CE

Edict of Milan, Christianity became tolerated and legal by emperor Constantine

476 CE

The western half of the Roman empire fell to the Germanic invaders

1054 CE

The Great Schism between the Western and Eastern Halves of the roman empire; the permanent split between Roman Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

622 CE

Muhammad (PBUH) made Hijra/Hejra or broke ties and made his journey from Mecca to Medina to excapre prosecution. He built his followers there to form an army and took back Mecca in the year 630 CE.

Yahweh

God of Israelites, creation, mercy, love, compassion

Tiglath- pileser III

Assyria: conquered kingdom of Israel (n), siege catapult and siege towers

Neo-Babylonian empire

Chaldees: Nebuchadnezzar conqueror Judah (s), Babylonian exile of judeans. leader: Nebuchadnezzar

Persian empire

Achaemenid dynasty

Cyrus the great

Greatest king of Persia, ended Babylonian captivity of the ancient hebrews, could be dhul qarnayqn in quaran

Darius

persian ruler, Created satrapies, built Persepolis, roads and qanats

Satrapy/satrapies

Provinces of Persian empire

Satrap

Governor appointed by emperor, family lives in capitol to prevent retaliation

Qanats

Underground aqueducts

Zoroastrianism

Vedic Religion of Persian empire, mostly monotheistic

Zoroaster

Phrophet of Zoroastrianism

Avesta

Sacred text of Zoroastrianism

Ahura mazda

Supreme deity of Zoroastrianism

Angra mainyu

Destructive spirit of Zoroastrianism

Spenta meynu

Good spirit of Zoroastrianism

Torah

5 Books of Moses, Pentateuch, tanakh

Babylonian exile/captivity

Neobabylonians captured judea, exiled noble/educated into babylon

Abrahams covenants

G-d promises many descendants, land of Canaan, Abraham will follow g-ds laws and perform circumcision

Moses

Lead ppl from Egypt through the Red Sea to the Sinai peninsula, lived as nomadic pastoralists, conquered Canaan at end of Moses’s life against philistines

David

Killed Goliath, played lyre and composes songs for g-d becomes psalms and hymns in the tanakh, 2nd king and built Jerusalem

Saul

First king mentor of David

Solomon

3rd king, built temple in Jerusalem, overtaxed the people

mezuzah

contains Deuteronomy (scroll), one of the 5 books of moses

shema

declaration of faith, prayer

Kippah/yarmulke

skull cap

pesach

passover, commemorates the exodus

rosh hashanah

jewish new year, shofar is blown

yom kippur

day of atonement, fast sunset to sunset

kosher

dietary laws

b’rit milah

circumcision

bar/bat mitzvah

coming of age for religious duties

shiva

ritual of mourning

mitzvah

commandments of g-d

sefer

scroll of law

diaspora

dispersion of jewish people from origin

Minoan age

2000- 1400 BCE, original habitants of Crete, bronze, written script, sea-faring traders. contained city of Knossos, largest palace site.

Mycenean age

1600 BCE - 1100 BCE, first Greek city-state writing was developed from the Minoans, war with Troy c. 1250 BCE, late bronze age collapse

Acropolis

Religious center

Agora

marketplace, plaza bellow acropolis

Polis

City-state

Greek dark age

after collapse of Mycenaean, population decline and food shortage. transition of bronze to iron, migration to smaller islands, Phoenician alphabet

Homer

Iliad and the odyssey used as texts for male education

Phonecians

seafaring civilization in the eastern Mediterranean around 1500 BCE, known for their trade, They developed the first alphabet

hoplites

infantry citizen men w/ armor, spears, and round shield fought in phalanx formation

phalanx

rectangle formation

Sparta

conquered messenia laconia enslaved the population (helots), militarized oligarchy, oligarchy w/ 2 kings, 5 ephors, and 28 elders. imposed a ban of philosophy, lycurgus reform

Hellenic Greece

800-325 BCE, development of city-states and surrounding community with common culture, language and identity

Athens

from monarchy to aristocratic with increased farmers sold into slavery, to tyrants and formed Athenian democracy (direct) , controlled delian league, economy based off trade and agriculture

1st persian war

started by ionian greek city-states with the support of athens, darius attacked mainland greece, greek hoplites defeated the persians (themistocles)

pericles

expanded democracy (more power for people) and the empire of athens, rebuilt athens after persian wars w/ money from the Delian league

cleisthenes

founder for athenian democracy against nobles, imposed democratic reform

Demos

the people, organized into 10 sections called demes

leonidas

king of sparta and hero who defended against the persians’ navy in the 2nd persian war

2nd persian war

xerxes invaded greece, against leonides Greece won but athens was mainly destroyed

plague

plague in athens killed 1/3 of the population during the Peloponnesian war

trireme

greek warship with pointed front to ram other boats

parthenon

temple dedicated to athena which sits atop the acropolis of Athens

delian league

founded after the persian wars to protect the ionian greeks, protected by athens and held the treasury

peloponnesian war

athens and the delian league against sparta and its allies. athens weakened after death of pericles, sparta recieved fundings from persia for a better navy which defeated athens

trojan war

in Troy caused when Paris, a Trojan prince, abducted Helen, Greeks (Achaeans) waged war and won, Troy was destroyed

Noah

covenant with G-d for no more floods, built ark with his family and animals

Jacob (Israel)

G-d had covenant promising him 12 offspring

Judea

split from Israel, the southern kingdom, eventually conquered by the neo-babylonBabyloniansians, eventually became the Jews

Israel

The northern kingdom, conquered by the Assyrians who deported the people (creates 12 tribes of Israel)

Canaanites/ Philistines

lived in the region of Canaan, people disposed by the tribes of Israel after the exodus from Egypt

Assyrians

conquered the northern kingdom of Israel, deported the people (lost tribes of Israel)

3 main branches of judiasm

reform, conservative, orthodox

Lycurgus

Made lycurgus in Sparta, militarized state, military education (males), 20 enroll, 30 vote, military until 60 yrs

Golden Age of Athens

Pericles continued democratic reforms, power to the assembly of 50 reps, the council of 500, and people’s courts, rebuild of Athens

Alexander the Great

tutored by aristotle, invaded Persian empire, Hellenistic kingdoms start after his death

Hellenistic Era

Hellenistic= Greek+ pre-existing culture, 4 main kingdoms ruled by Greece/Macedonia, money for beautification, science, philosophy

Etruscans

Italian peninsula, latin- speaking (monarchy), eventually established republic

Jewish revolt

zealots advocated for overthrowing roman rule, result in jerusalem destroyed, colony placed, and Judea being renamed to Syria-Palestine

Diaspora of Judeans

caused by Judean revolt resulting second temple being destoyed by romans and deported to carthage

Edict of milan (313)

emperor Constantine made Christianity tolerated and legal

Council of Nicaea and Nicene Creed (325)

The council was a meeting of bishops who are the leaders of the church, decides on beliefs/practices of christianity. Nicene creed\=one god, the trinity, jesus is god, baptism

Great Schism (1054)

permanent split between roman catholic and eastern orthodox

Pontius Pilate

the official who looked over Jesus’s trial and ordered cruxification

Constatine

issued edict of milan to tolerate Christanity, made Constantinople the capital, called first council of Nicaea

Theodosius

mad nicene christianity official religion of the Roman empire

disciples

originally 12, are students of jesus

Apostles/ apostolic era

teachers of faith, ex: paul. Era after Jesus’s death and death of the last apostle.

Paul of tarsus

Saul → St. paul: his letters (pauline epistles) helped standardize beliefs and practices, became most of the new testament

pharisees

follows all of tanukh, torah, wants to preserve old waybelieved messiah would bring world peace

zealots

opposed Roman rule, supported violent overthrowing of Roman Gov.