Honors Cold War Unit Review Honors American History Mrs.Coleman WCHS

What is the United Nations?

An international peace keeping organization made to avoid global war

What year was the United Nations founded?

1945

What major rights did the Universal Declaration of Human Rights address?

It promoted the inherent dignity of every human being and was a commitment to end discrimination

Who were the major players in the Yalta Conference?

Roosevelt (U.S.), Churchill (G.B.), and Stalin (U.S.S.R)

Decisions made at the Yalta Conference concerning Poland

They agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by the Soviets. Stalin agreed it would include members of the prewar Polish government, and free elections would be held as soon as possible

Summarize the Declaration of Liberated Europe

It asserted democracy and was very similar to the Atlantic charter

How was Germany divided?

Germany was divided into four zones, and Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France would each control one zone. Berlin also got divided into four zones

What did Stalin demand from Germany’s divide?

He demanded that Germany pay heavy reparations for the war damages they caused and half of the machinery to go to the Soviets

Soviet world view (post WWII)

• Concerned about security

• Wanted Germany weak

• All countries between Germany and the Soviet Union would be controlled by them

• Encouraged Communism

• Capitalist countries would destroy Communism suspicions

American world view (post WWII)

• Focused on economy

• Wanted to prevent another Great Depression

• Started war trade

• Thought free enterprise, private property, and a limited government would help

• Prosperity is key to world peace

Who were the major players at the Potsdam Conference?

Stalin (U.S.S.R) and Truman (U.S.)

What terms were decided upon by the conclusion of the Potsdam Conference?

Decided Soviets would take reparations from their zone, while the Allies allowed industry to revive in the other zones. American and British troops controlled Germany’s industrial heartland

What did the Iron Curtain represent?

The political and military barrier that isolated Soviet-controlled countries of Eastern Europe after WWII

Where did the Iron Curtain exist?

Eastern Europe

Who coined the term “Iron Curtain”?

Stalin was called it

Standing of America at the end of WWII

They’re at the pinnacle of world power

Desires of Russia/Soviet Union (Iron Curtain Speech)

The fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines

What did Russians/Soviets admire and detest (Iron Curtain Speech)?

They admire strength and they detest weakness (especially military)

Who developed the idea of containment?

George Kennan

Who created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

The United Nations

What documents does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights resemble?

The Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights

Years in which the Cold War was waged

1945-1991

What did satellite nations represent?

Being dominated by the Soviet Union but technically independent

Where were satellite nations located?

Eastern Europe

Where do we see the Containment Policy in action?

Truman Doctrine, Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Vietnam War, etc.

What policy did the Long Telegram create?

Containment Policy

Who was the author of the Long Telegram?

George Kennan

Tone of the author in the Long Telegram

Serious, urgent, and warning

Relationship between capitalism and socialism in the Long Telegram

Communists believed capitalism and socialism are mutually exclusive. Kennan advised the U.S. to stop Soviet expansion by showing that capitalism was stronger

Belief in economic prospects between socialism and capitalism in the Long Telegram

The Soviet Union believed capitalism was weak and would collapse, while socialism would take over

What was the goal of the Truman Doctrine?

Stopping the spread of Communism by helping countries resist Soviet influence and promised military aid to countries threatened by Communism

How would we aid nations from the Truman Doctrine?

Providing money to struggling economies to prevent them from falling to Communism, send weapons, training, and advisors to help defend Communism threats, and back leaders and governments that opposed Communism

Which nations was the Truman Doctrine used initially to help? Why?

Greece and Turkey; they were both facing threats from Communist movements and we wanted to prevent them from falling to Communism

Describe two ways of life that were laid out in the Truman Doctrine/what systems do they belong to?

Democracy/capitalism (U.S.) and Communism (Soviet Union)

Why was Marshall Plan developed?

To give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies (again to prevent war torn nations from falling to Communism)

Who created Marshall Plan?

Secretary of State George C Marshall

What events caused the need for the Berlin Airlift?

The Soviets decided to blockade West Berlin in hope that the U.S. would abandon the people. In response, President Truman ordered the air force to fly supplies to the people of West Berlin (Operation Vittles)

Was the Berlin Airlift successful?

Yes

Why did the U.S. government commit to the Berlin Airlift?

To make sure supplies were still sent to the citizens of West Berlin

Impact of the Soviet Blockade of West Berlin

• In general, it failed

• West Berlin received their supplies

• It amped up Cold War tensions and made the Soviet Union look to the rest of the world like a cruel and capricious enemy

What does NATO stand for?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

What is NATO’s purpose?

A military alliance between Western Europe and the U.S.

Who belonged to NATO?

U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, and Iceland

What organization was created in response to NATO? Why?

The Warsaw Pact because the Soviet Union was gravely concerned

What nation alarmingly fell to Communism before the Korean War began?

North Korea

Where was Korea divided before the Korean War?

The 38th Parallel

Where was Korea divided after the war?

The 38th Parallel

What role did the U.S. and the Soviet Union play in this nation pre-war?

Both governments claimed authority over the area

Which American was in charge of the UN forces in Korea?

General MacArthur

Which American President created an armistice with North Korea?

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Has the Cold War ever ended?

no, no official peace treaty was created

Why was Korea a turning point in the Cold War?

We had used political pressure and economic aid to contain Communism

Subversion

Effort to weaken a society and overthrow its government

What President created the Loyalty Review Board?

President Truman

What types of workers did the Loyalty Review Program investigate?

Federal employees

What ideologies did the Loyalty Review Board try to expose?

Communists

HUAC full name

House Un-American Activities Committee

What was the purpose of the HUAC?

To investigate subversive activities in the United States

Who led the HUAC?

J. Edgar Hoover

Why were the Hollywood Ten targeted?

Because they thought the film industry was a cultural force that Communists might manipulate to spread their ideas and influences

What impact did the Hollywood Ten face?

Led to producers to blacklist anyone who was believed to be a Communist or who refused to cooperate with the committee, creating an atmosphere of fear and distrust

What were the Rosenbergs accused of?

Selling secrets about the atomic bomb to Soviets to help them produce a bomb

What happened to the Rosenbergs?

They were executed

Were the Rosenbergs guilty?

Yes

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

A senator from Wisconsin

Why is Joseph McCarthy significant to the Cold War?

He ran investigations of government departments and figures for Communism

How did Joseph McCarthy gain power?

He distributed booklets accusing Democratic Party leaders of corruption and of protecting Communists

How did McCarthy lose power?

People saw him as a bully from his false accusations

McCarthyism

McCarthy’s tactic of damaging reputations with vague, unfounded charges

Flexible Response

The buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

What administration created flexible response?

The Kennedy Administration

Where was the Bay of Pigs located?

Cuba

Who was the leader of Cuba during the Bay of Pigs?

Fidel Castro

What was the aim of US covert support at the Bay of Pigs?

To set off a popular uprising against Fidel Castro

Was the U.S.’ goal for the Bay of Pigs successful?

No

What was the major impact of the U.S.’ goal at the Bay of Pigs?

It exposed an American plot to overthrow a neighbor’s government, and made the United States look weak and disorganized

Which countries were involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba

What was the major issue with the Cuban Missile Crisis?

They were on the brink of nuclear war, Soviets put nukes on Cuba which was near the U.S.

What was the option chosen for resolving the issue of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A naval blockade of Cuba was the first negotiated in attempt to de-escalate

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis averted?

The Soviet Union removed the missiles and dismantled the missile sites

What was the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The United States and Soviet Union signed a Treaty that banned testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, Khrushchev fell from power (was seen as humiliating), exposed the Soviets’ military inferiority and prompted a dramatic Soviet arms buildup

How does containment relate to Vietnam?

North Vietnam fell to Communism, and the United States was trying to prevent South Vietnam from falling also

How does the domino theory relate to Vietnam?

North Vietnam fell to Communism, and the nearby nation (South Vietnam) was at risk for falling to Communism since North Vietnam did

When did the French get involved in the Vietnam War?

1946

How long were the French involved in the Vietnam War?

8 years (1946-1954)

Why were the French involved in the Vietnam War?

French troops returned to Vietnam and drove the Vietminh into hiding. The Vietminh fought back and slowly gained control of large areas. As the fighting escalated, the French asked the United States for help

What were the Geneva Accords?

Vietnam being divided near the 17th Parallel

What did the Geneva Accords accomplish?

The Geneva Accords provided a temporary division of Vietnam along the 17th Parallel

Where/ what was the significance of Hanoi?

Hanoi was the capital of North Vietnam

Where/ what was the significance of Saigon?

Saigon was the capital of South Vietnam

US involvement through the 1950s

The U.S. provided aid to France in Vietnam to get their support for containment in Europe, and after France lost, we threw our support to South Vietnam

When was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

August 1964

What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

Two U.S. ships thought that there were torpedos hitting the ships so we bombed Vietnam and figured out that there were no torpedos

Gulf of Tonkin Incident impact on the war

It is what started the Vietnam War

What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution achieve?

Approved to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the U.S.

How many Americans served in Vietnam?

About 3.4 million Americans

Vietnam battlefield conditions

Disease, danger, monotony, lack of support

How did guerrilla warfare conducted?

Small units, sneak attacks and ambushes, utilized women AND children as weapons/fighters

Who participated in guerrilla warfare?

North Vietnam

What advantages did Viet Cong have over American GIs

They were familiar with the swamps and jungles, protected by sympathizers in Laos and Cambodia, had the support of the local population, had extremely elaborate tunnels, and Americans could NOT decipher who was an enemy and who was a friend