Germany Key Everything

Public works programmes expand (autobahns & housing)

Jun 1933

New plan introduced by Hjalmar Schacht

Sep 1934

Autarky policies

1936-1939

Four year plan launched by Hermann Göring

Sep 1936

Refugee crisis as Soviets advance

late 1944 - May 1945

Hitler youth set up

1926

Secret rearmament begins

1933 - 1935

Conscription introduced

Mar 1935

Duty year is introduced

1937

Duty year becomes compulsory

1939

Air raids begin

1940

Labour shortages, resulting in forced labour + POWs

1939 - 1945

Rationing worsens

1939 - 1945

Albert Speer becomes armaments minister and introduces total war economy

Feb 1942

White Rose group organises the first major public demonstration

1943

Edelweiss pirates murder the chief of the Gestapo

1944

'Thousand bomber raids' launched on German cities

1944 - 1945

Anti-semitic laws increase

1938

Kristallnacht

9 - 10 Nov 1938

Wannsee conference

Jan 1942

Sterilisation law passed

Jul 1933

Youth concentration camp set up

1937

Law banning marriage between Roma people and Germans passed

1936

Membership for Hitler Youth becomes compulsory

1936

Hitler becomes chancellor

Jan 1933

Church youth groups stopped

1936

WW2 begins and rationing is introduced

Sep 1939

July Bomb Plot

Jul 1944

End of WW2

Sep 1945

Official boycott of Jewish shops

1933

Nuremberg laws

1935

Berlin olympics

1936

Euthanasia policy introduced

1939

Euthanasia policy stopped

1941

What were public works programmes?

employment schemes financed by the government to provide jobs

What was work like in RAD? (FAST)

- food and lodging but little money

- away from home

- seen as slave labour

- treated as if in the army

How did rearmament and conscription help the nation?

the increasing size of the army boosted national pride after the humiliation of the treaty of versailles

How did the size of the army increase from 1935?

it went from 100,000 to 1,400,000

How did RAD schemes affect unemployment statistics?

the people in those were not counted as unemployed

How did big businesses benefit under the Nazis?

since they had destroyed the power of trade unions the businesses could keep wages low and increase the working day without facing strikes. Others benefited from rearmament

How did Daimler-Benz benefit from rearmament?

they made aeroplanes for the government and their production rose to over 800%

How did the number of self-employed craftsmen change under the Nazis?

it fell from 1,650,000 to 1,500,000

How did farmers' incomes change between 1933 and 1936?

they increased by 41%

How did farmers later not benefit under the Nazis?

- food prices were strictly controlled

- limited growth in agriculture

Why were prices of food controlled and the growth in agriculture limited under the Nazis?

- not enough workers due to many working in large factories

- little investment in farm machinery as the focus was on weapons and the army

How did workers benefit under the Nazis? (HUF)

- higher wages in the armaments industry

- unemployment went down

- felt they had a better life

What was the average wage in 1936 and how did it compare to the unemployment pay from the depression?

it was 35 marks a week, 10x more than during the depression

How many members did DAF have by 1939?

20 million

What improvements/schemes did DAF make to workers' lives? (BOS)

- beauty of labour

- organised training courses

- strength through joy

How many workers were training courses organised for by DAF?

2.5 million workers

What did beauty of labour do to help improve working conditions?

it provided low-cost food, shower rooms and new toilet facilities

How did strength through joy improve workers' leisure opportunities and sense of community?

- cheap sports training, gymnastics classes and sailing lessons

- art exhibitions and theatre groups + buildings

- concerts and cheap opera tickets

- cheap hiking trips and holidays such as cruises

How many Germans took part in strength through joy holidays?

over 10 million

How did workers not benefit under the Nazis?

- lower pay rates for workers in agriculture and consumer goods

- long hours

- no trade unions, strikes or rights

- some schemes failed

How was morale in Germany at the beginning of the war?

the war was going well and by the end of 1942 German forces had conquered nearly all of europe so morale was high despite shortages

How did morale change in Germany nearer to the end of the war?

as things started to go wrong and forces were driven back, despite bad news being strictly censored it seeped out. Morale and support dropped, with people staying away from rallies and refusing to give the 'Heil HItler' salute

How many German men were serving in the German army by 1944?

13 million

How was fleeing as a refugee difficult? (TWC)

- transport used for the army

- walk large distances

- cold, hunger and disease

What were conditions like in west Germany, were refugees were fleeing too?

many Germans were homeless and facing starvation from food shortages

What benefits did the war initially bring?

food and luxuries that were sold on the black-market but mainly went to loyal or high-ranking Nazi officials

How did rationing improve diets?

2/5 Germans ate better than before the war

How many civilians were killed in air raids during ww2?

800,000

How did the war affect the treatment of 'undesirable' groups?

the Nazis tried to deal with them using the minimal amount of resources through the mass genocide of Jews and others in gas chambers

What was used for the propaganda film Kolberg in 1943? (troops, horses, uniforms and money)

187,000 troops, 6000 horses and 10,000 uniforms, 8.5 million marks

How did the Hitler youth change throughout ww2?

the connection between war and the group became more obvious, with boys in their early teens were expected to join in street battles by 1944-45

How did opposition change during ww2?

anti-Nazi youth movements such as the Edelweiss pirates and Swing youth increased and the White Rose group published ant-Nazi messages and opposed Nazi attacks on Jews and Poles

Who was Stauffenberg?

a previous Nazi supporter who felt disgusted bt the SS and Jewish persecution

How many criminals, tramps, beggars, alcoholics and other people seen as 'socialy useless' were rounded up in 1933 and sent to concentration camps?

500,000

How many people were murdered under the euthanasia policy by 1941?

71,000

What did Hitler think of homosexuals?

he thought they would weaken Germany and so homosexual men were persecuted savagely

How many homosexuals were arrested and sent to concentration camps?

15,000

How many black Germans were forcibly sterilised?

385

How many of the Roma people in Germany died during the war?

25,000

How many Jews were killed and sent to concentration camps

91 were killed and 30,000 sent away

What were ghettos?

walled off and overcrowded areas where food was severly restricted and Jews had to survive on as little as 300 calories a day with thousands dying

What was decided for the final solution at the Wannsee conference?

- 6 death camps

- gas chambers and ovensWhat happeb

- modern industrialised mass genocide

What opposition occurred in 1943 in the Warsaw ghetto?

15,000 Jews with just 2 machine guns and 15 rifles geld out for 4 weeks against fully equipped German forces

How many Jews were trapped under the Nazis after the invasion of Poland?

3.5 million

How many Germans belonged to the Roman catholic church?

22 million Germans or 32% of the population

How did Hitler go against the concordat with the catholic church?

- priests were intimidated and arrested

- youth group memebers were pressured into joining the Hitler youth then forced to merge in 1936

- closed monastaries

How many Germans belonged to the Protestant church?

40 million, 60%

Who led the Reich church?

Bishop Ludwig Müller

What did Müller do?

he declared his support for Nazi policies and ordered all services should end and begin with the 'Heil Hitler' salute

What did Dietrich Bonhoeffer do?

- he was a Protestant pastor, publicly criticized the Nazis

- hounded by the Gestapo, he was banned from writing or public speaking

- he joined the Abwehr where a number of army officers who opposed Nazis worked

- discovered the atrocities committed by the Nazis

- sent secret messages and helped Jews escape to Switzerland

- was arrested and murdered by the SS

What did Martin Niemoller do?

he openly criticized the Nazis and helped set up the confessional church, he was then arrested and sent to a concentration camp in 1937

How did Nazi policies affect women in jobs and education?

- no female reichstag members

- all women employed by the state were fired

- employers were encouraged to employ men before women

- 10% could go to university

How did Nazi policies affect women in lifestyle?

- healthy life

- simple rather than fashionable clothes

- banned smoking

What did the Women's enterprise organise?

training for women in domestic and motherhood skills

How many women had attended training organised by the Women's enterprise by 1939?

3.5 million

How many people took the marriage loans?

800,000

How did the birth rate change in 1936 compared to 1933?

30% more births

How did the number of married women working change and why?

went up from 4.2 million to 6.2 million, because the Nazis were forced to employ more women as there was a labour shortage, and because families needed the money as wages were low

How many women worked in agriculture during ww2?

over 6 million

How many teachers were sacked in 1933?

20/5

What were students taught in History?

- 'unfair' treaty

- rise of the Nazis

- wicked Jews and communists

- Hitler as a heroic leader

What were students taught in Physics?

- warfare such as explosives, firearms and radios

How many members did the Hitler youth have by 1933?

100,000

What were boys taught in the Hitler youth?

- military training

- strong, fit, fearless and ready for war

What were the requirements for the boys joining the Hitler youth in running, jumping, throwing, cross-country marching and knowledge?

- 60 m in 12 secs

- 2.75 m jump

- 25 m throw

- 1.5 day march

- answer questions on Nazi ideas and history

What were the requirements for the girls joining the Hitler youth in running, throwing, cross-country marching or swimming and knowledge?

- 60 m in 14 secs

- 12 m throw

- 2 hr march or 100 m swim

- know how to make a bed