Frustration-aggression hypothesis:
Frustration always leads to aggression. We need a cathartic response because then the frustration is satisfied and further aggression is less likely because we have got it off our chest.
Displaced aggression:
Abstract idea
Too powerful (risks punishment)
Unavailable at the time
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Frustration-aggression hypothesis:
Frustration always leads to aggression. We need a cathartic response because then the frustration is satisfied and further aggression is less likely because we have got it off our chest.
Displaced aggression:
Abstract idea
Too powerful (risks punishment)
Unavailable at the time
The weapon effect:
Berkowitz (1989) found the number of shocks given depended on the presence or absence of weapons in the environment. 6.05 shocks when a gun was present and 4.67 shocks when no gun.
Effect of frustration:
Geen (1968) puzzle with 3 conditions (impossible, interference and insults). All groups gave stronger shocks compared to the control group and the insulted group gave more intense shocks.
Support for displacement
Marcus-Newhall (2009) meta-analysis of 49 studies showed a high amount of displaced aggression.
Complex frustration-aggression link
Frustration does not always lead to aggression. Can become determined and want change instead. Aggression can be caused by other means.
Genetic factors ignored
Brunner (1993) Dutch family who all had low levels of the MAOA gene they had committed violent crimes. This was because they were unable to breakdown serotonin in the brain.