Unit 3, Cooperation quiz 1

Federal Budget

• Finance Minister, Francois Philippe

• Requirement to realize financial updates to the country 

• Read in HOC by the Minister 

Confidence Motion

• Reaction to a federal budget is risky to a minority government

• Could lead to a new election

“Crossing the Floor”

• representation switched from one end of the political spectrum to the other, changing parties 

• Conservative to Liberal, Nova Scotia leader Cris d’Etrement

• Switching view based on the budget release

The League of Nations Overview

• HQ in Geneva, Switzerland, created after WW1

• First proposed by President Woodrow Willson in his famous 14 point speech

• Consists of a general assembly and Central council

• Canada was 1 of the first 63 members — PM Robert (1927-1930 was a council member)

• Mackenzie King government rejected this, recommendations were no consequences if not followed

14 Point speech

• Spoken in 1918 at Us Congress to rebuild the postwar world 

1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties 

2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace

3. Equal trade conditions

4. Decreased armaments among all nations

5. Adjust colonialism, self-determination 

6-13. Redrawing Europe following WW1

14. Creation of the League of Nations

• “general association of nations” and “respect territorial integrity” to bring nations together 

Failure of the League of Nations 

• Germany joined in 1926, but withdrew when the League wouldn’t lift arms restriction in 1933

• Russia joined in 1934, but attacker Finland in 1939 and was expelled 

• USA did not ratify treaty, aka didn’t join

• No collective army force 

• Lack of political will to impose military or economic sanctions 

• Unanimous agreement was required for major decisions 

• Isolationism 

• Lack of support from major powers 

United Nations Creation

• Britain, USA, Soviet Union, and China meet in 1944 to discuss new organization

• reaction to the destruction of WW2

• Founded in 1945, met in San Francisco, 50 countries, create a treaty

• lead to the HQ in New York City current

United Nations Goals

• Maintain international peace and security, take collective measures for the presentation and removal of threats to the peace

• Develop friendly relations among nations

• International co-operation in issues of economic, social, and other humanitarian problems

• To afford a centre for harmonizing the actions

Improving L.O.N.

• internal organization tasked with UN goals

• UN goals are impossible without the pronouns and protection of Human Rights

• An association of sovereign states, not a world government

• Each member state has a voice and a vote

S.M.O General Assembly

Composition:

• Main representative of Organ of the UN policymaking

• 193 member states

Role:

• Make decisions on policymaking, budgetary matters, peace and security, admission of new members (One vote per state)

S.M.O. Security Council

Composition:

• 15 members (Russia, China, France, U.K., USA are permanent members, there are 10 non-permanent members

• Presidency changes every month

Role:

→ Determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression

→ Adjustments or terms of settlement

→ Can impose sanctions or authorize force to restore peace and security 

→ Maintenance of international peace and security

→ Permanent members have a veto power, can’t pass if they don’t agree

S.M.O. The Secretariat

Composition

→ Compromises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry day-to-day work of the UN, mandated by the General Assembly 

→ Chief administrative officer of the organization, appointed by the G.A. on the recommendation of the Security Council for a 5-year renewable term 

→ 37000 workers all over the world  

Role:

→ Advocate for all of the world’s peoples, especially the poor and vulnerable 

→ Peacekeeping Missions

S.M.O The economic and Social Council

Composition:

→ Body for continuation, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social, and environmental issues, implementation of the UN goals  

→ 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for overlapping 3-year-terms 

Role:

→ central mechanism for activists and specialized agencies in the economic, social, and environmental fields

→ Supervises subsidiary and export bodies 

→ Debate, reflection, and innovative thinking on sustainable development

S.M.O. The trusteeship Council

Composition:

→ Established in 1945 by the UN charter 

→ Seven Members States

→ meet occasionally by its decisions or the decision of its President, majority of its members or the G.A or the S.C

Role:

→ To provide international supervision for the 11 Trust territories

→ Prepare the Territories for self-governance and independence 

S.M.O The international Court of Justice

Composition:

→ Principal judicial organ

→ International Court of Justice Functions in accordance with its Statue, in Hague Netherlands 

→ 15 judges from different countries 

Role:

→ Settle in accordance to the international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States 

→ Advice on opinions on legal questions 

→ ‘world court’ 

Elizabeth May

• Started her initiative in high school 1952

• law student before taking leadership of Green Party

• Green Party Leader

South Moresby Island Dispute

• Indigenous wanted to keep forestry

• Loggers wanted to continue to cut down

• This encouraged many individuals like Elizabeth May to take part in protecting environment

Early 1980s environmental concerns

• Water poisonings

• Ozone hole

• Landfills overfilling

Stockholm Declaration

• 1972

• 26 principles of environmental care placed at top of international concerns

• This started discussions between industrial and developed countries on the link of economic growth, pollution, well-being

United Nation Declaration of Human Rights 

• Passed by a 'unanimous vote’  December 10, 1948

• John Humphrey one on the main writers of the draft resolution (Canadian diplomat)

• Canada abstained from vote in 1948 - Indigenous could not vote, LGBTQ struggled for rights, interment camps of the Japanese, Provincial laws passing

• Soviet, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa all abstained 

• Not binned by law, considered basis of morality

• This was used for the UN to pursue government officials to respect Human Rights 

What Happened if UNDHR is violated?

• Declaration of war or a peacekeeping mission is announced

• Implementation of economic sanctions

• Diplomatic isolation

• H.R. courts and tribunals located all over the world

Suez Crisis

• 1956

• expensive trade route across the middle east, used by Britain and France

• Egypt took over the route and nationalized their country

• Britain and France planed an attack, was helped by Israel where they sent troops

• Russia encouraged Egypt and sent weapons for Egypt to protect their land

Pearson’s Solutions

• Set up a buffer zone, made up of soldiers from non-combated countries, separate sides and supervised cease-fire

• Lead to the creation of Peacekeeping

• Won a noble prize in 1957

Peacekeeping Forces

• Armed soldiers from varies countries

• Wear blue helmets or berets, how everyone identifies a peacekeeper

• Objective: each mission has mandated tasks, alleviate human suffering, to provide humanitarian aid, and set up areas for refugees

Patrolling the Green-line in Cyprus

• Cyprus is valued for the economical and political value 

• Known for their political instability — British took over, eventually Cyprus took back

• Creation of civil war, created war between Greece and Turkey if no resolution was done 

• No countries wanted UN there in the conflict

• August 16, 1974, cease-fire between boarder 

• 1993 Canadian forces withdrew 

Yugoslavia Peacekeeping mission

• End of Cold War, events in the Balkan regions occurred which caused the creation of United Nations Protection Force

• Croatia declared there independence in 1991, caused fighting to break out as of where is the boarder line

• UNPF and NATO supported cease-fire and Human Aid

• 1995-2007 Canada Armed Forces sent soldiers, armour, medical personnel, engineers, helicopters, and specialized advisors (legal) etc.. to protect Kosovo from Serbia’s military

• members of RCMP helped

Somalia Peacekeeping mission

• Early 1993 the Canadian Airborne Regiment participated

• Sent to protect citizens who has been displaced due to warring factions

• Canadian leader Lt,Col. Carol Matthew implemented policy that if people were to take food or water they were to be shot, tortured, or killed

Rwanda Peacekeeping mission 

• Lut.Gen. Romeo Dallaire led mission (ended up suffering from Alcoholism) 

• 2 main ethnicity, Hutu and Tutsis 

• Hutu tried removing all Tutsis

• Roadblocks to check ethnicity ID, is found Tutsis they were slaughtered

• UN ended up not preventing the genocide, resulted in 800,000 million died

• Arush Peace agreement was signed  

• Creation of peacemaking, to end conflict and not to maintain peace but create it 

Peacemaking

Refers to two simultaneous efforts:

1. Political mediation

2. Peace enforcement: the use of military force to compel an end to fighting

• Requires the constant of both sides of conflict

The Ottawa Treaty

• 1997

• international agreement removing deadly landmines

• Canada became global leader, 122 countries signed

• Typically mines are only founded with victims

• Very time consuming, currently 29 countries are cleared

Peacekeeping Today in Canada

• in 1990s ranked 6th out of 84 countries

• Recently ranked 69th out of 120 countries

• currently have 59 personal out in peacekeeping missions

Rio Earth Summit

• 1992

• Limitations are due to the timelines that lack stability or weren’t present at all, along with no targets on what to conquer in future years

• Historic? Resulted in multiple of the first international agreements on climate change, recognized that climate change was and the issues that affected the world

Kyoto, Japan 

• 1997

• Name of agreement: Kyoto Protocol

• The reduction on average of 5% emissions but doesn’t compel to developing countries such as China

• March 2001, negotiators in Germany reach breakthroughs on green tech, agreements on emissions trading, and compromises on how to account for carbon sinks

• Agreement would go into affect if the ratification by enough countries to account for at least 55% go global emissions

Copenhagen, Denmark

• 2009

• The target date was set to determine a target emissions reduction goal, but no new purposely were brought to light

Paris, France

• 2015

• limits? Submitted targets known as nationally determined contributors, and to keep global temperature rise well below 2 De.Cel.

• Requires all countries to set emissions reduction goals, both developing and developed

• 2018 the majority of countries did not agree with rules for carbon trading and offered questioning for the way carbon emissions are calculated

• no one pushed for matters in 2019

Political Obstacles on timeline between Kyoto and today 

• North and South divide— developed vs. developing, shared responsibility everyone equal participants 

• Economic dependence on fossil fuels— oil producing nations resistance, industrial economies face internal political battles over transiting industries and jobs 

• Lack of accountability and enforcement— Binding requirements, emphasized flexibility, too voluntary 

‘Failed states” Haiti

• Noam Chomsky

• Inability or unwillingness to protect their citizens from violence and perhaps ever destruction 

• See themselves as beyond the reach of domestic or international law

Enslavement and Independence Haiti

• Revolt and independence 1781-1804

• Haiti had to pay France for its independence, 560 million over 122 years

• Political instability

1st black-led republic

• Frederick Douglass

• served minister 1889-1891

US Policy on the Americas

• 1823 Monroe Doctrine, establish opposition for the European colonization of the Americas

• 1904 Roosevelt’s Corollary, Us would intervene in political and economical conflict in Latin American countries to keep out European intervention

Instability in Haiti

• Haiti’s president Sam orders the mass execution of political prisoners, overthrow and killed 

• fearing the anti-American government, President Woodrow Willson send US troops 1915

• US withdraws troops from Haiti in 1934, but maintains financial control until 1947

Duvalier

• 1957 - Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier is elected president

• Turns into dictatorship

• Private militia known as Tontons Macoutes

• Personality cult

• 1964 proclaimed himself as ‘president for life’

• ‘baby doc’ took over, aka his son

Aristide

• 1987-1990, two coups following the overthrow of Baby Doc

• 1990, populist Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide

• first free and peaceful election

• 1991, overthrown by the military but returns with US troop support from 1994-2004

United Nations Haiti

• 2004, Stabilization Mission is put enplane by UN Security Council

• 2014, reduced size and withdrawn in 2019

• replaced by “Integrated office” in Haiti 

Environmental Disasters Haiti

• 2004-2008 tropical storms lead to death and displacement of citizens 

• 2010 Earthquake hit, 300000 people killed, 1.6 million made homeless, 96 PK died 

• 2016, hurricane Matthew

Unrest in Haiti

• 2021, President Jovenel Moise assassinated

• Earthquake his killing 2200 people

• 2021-2024, political deadlock, economic crisis and spiralling gang violence

• 2024, PM and President Ariel Henry resigns amid worsening gang violence

• Prisoners were released, Jimmy aka BBQ is one of the leader gangs

• Kenya wanted to help and send troops after Canada dined

Trudeau Government 

• Illegitimacy of the government an obstacle to a successful mission 

• Necessary to first have government accepted by its people 

• $100 million in security assistance over 2023, $60 million in new funding in 2025