SCIENCE MIDTERM REVIEW

Biodiversity

The number and variety of organisms or species in an area

Species

Members of a population that can interbreed to produce viable offspring

Hybrid Species

Members of a population that can interbreed but their offspring is usually infertile or sterile

Variation Within a Species

Differences in individuals within the same species

Sexual Dimorphism

Where the males and females of a species look different

Polymorphism

Where several distinct forms are present within a species

Metamorphism

Where individuals in a species go through significant changes in their lives

Diversity Index

A measurement used by scientists to describe the diversity of a species in an area

Speciation

The formation of a new species

Reproductive Isolation

The separation of a species that forces two populations to develop separately, also the first step of speciation

Geographic Reproductive Isolation

The separation of a species so that they cannot physically reach each other such as by river or mountain and therefore cannot reproduce

Behavioural Reproductive Isolation

The separation of a species in which the habits of a species lead two groups to never be at the same place at the same time

Temporal Reproductive Isolation

The separation of a species so that they breed at different times and therefore cannot reproduce

Adaptation

The second step of speciation: an evolutionary byproduct that increases an individual's chances of survival

Structural Adaptation

A physical feature that increases and individual's chances of survival

Behavioral Adaptation

A behavior that increases an individual's chances of survival

Variation Between Species

Differences between reproductively isolated groups that prevent interbreeding

Niche

The combination of where an animal lives and what it does

Specialist

An organism with a narrow niche

Generalist

An organism with a broad niche

Ecological Interaction

The actions that show the relationship between different species

Predation

Interactions between species in which one organism consumes the other for sustenance

Resource Partitioning

The contest between two species with overlapping niches

Symbiosis

A close and long-term relationship between organisms

Mutualism

Symbiosis that both species benefit from

Commensalism

Symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

Symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is harmed

Host

The species that is harmed in a parasitic relationship

Parasite

The species that harms another in symbiosis

Extremophile

An organism that lives in an extreme environment and therefore have virtually no competition

Asexual Reproduction

A process hat occurs when only a single parent supplies genetic information for their offspring

Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction where a single celled organism duplicates its contents and divides to form a pair of cells identical to the original cell

Vegetative Reproduction

A type of asexual reproduction where a particular part of a plant is cut and replanted

Parent

The original organism before asexual reproduction

Daughter

The product of asexual reproduction

Spore

A single celled reproductive structure containing all the genetic material of the parent in order to grow into a copy of the parent

Zoospore

A single celled reproductive structure with a flagella containing all the genetic material needed to grow into a copy of the parent

Budding

When an organism grows another organism directly off of itself and the new organism eventually detaches and grows into a new copy of the parent

Cloning

A process where the DNA of an organism is duplicated using cells from the original organism

Sexual Reproduction

A process that produces offspring using genetic material from two parents

Gamete

A reproductive cell

Zygote

The product of the fusion of two gametes

Embryo

The developing organism produced when a zygote starts developing into a multicellular organism

Zygospore

A single celled reproductive structure produced by gametes containing the genetic material of the parents

Bacterial Conjugation

A process where DNA is transferred between two different bacteria

Stamen

The male reproductive organ of a flower

Pistil

The female reproductive organ of a flower

External Sexual Reproduction

A process where gametes join outside of an animal

Internal Sexual Reproduction

A process where gametes join inside of an animal

Heredity

The passing on of traits from parent to offspring

Genetics

The science that studies heredity

Continuous Trait

A trait that has a range of possibilities

Discrete Trait

A trait that has a limited number of possibilities

Dominant Trait

A characteristic that masks a recessive characteristic

Recessive Trait

A characteristic that will only be seen in offspring if it is inherited from both parents and will not show up if paired with a dominant characteristic

Genotype

The combination of genes or alleles present in an organism

Phenotype

The characteristics that appear in an organism because of the combination of genes it has

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

The molecule that carries all of an organism's genetic information

Chromosomes

The tightly coiled strands of DNA in an organism

46

The number of chromosomes a human has

Gene

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein that leads to the production of a specific trait

Mitosis

The process of cell division for somatic cells

Somatic Cells

Body cells

Meiosis

The process of cell division for gametes

Diploid Cell

A cell with a full set of chromosomes

Daughter Cell

A cell that was created through mitosis or meiosis

Haploid Cell

A cell with only half the amount of chromosomes that a normal cell has

Genetic Engineering

The process of moving pieces of DNA from one cell to another

Transgenic Organism

An entity that has the DNA of more than one species

Agriculture

The act of growing crops for human consumption

Aquaculture

The act of growing fish for human consumption

Monoculture

A form of agriculture where a single variety of crop with favorable traits is planted everywhere

Genetically Modified Organism

An entity that is the result of the artificial combination of different genes with favorable traits

Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding

A process by which humans take organisms with favorable traits and breed them together in order to manipulate animal characteristics over several generations

Charles Darwin

A British naturalist who proposed the Theory of Evolution and the idea of natural selection

Natural Selection

A process by which individuals select a mating partner without human interference

Sexual Selection

A selective force created when some individuals, mostly females, prefer mating partners with a particular coloration, dance, or other feature

Cross Breeding

A type of mating that happens when both parents have different traits

Pure Breeding

A type of mating that happens when both parents have the same traits

Workplace Hazardous Material Information System

The system in place to ensure the safety of scientists when using dangerous chemicals in a lab by using symbols as indicators

Health Hazard

A symbol for a substance that may cause or is suspected of causing serious health effects

Acute Poison

The symbol for a substance that can cause death or toxicity with short exposure or small amounts

Poison

A symbol for a substance that may cause less serious long term health effects or damage the ozone

Corrosive

A symbol for a substance that damages metals as well as skin and eyes

Biohazardous

A symbol for organisms or toxins that can cause diseases in people or animals

Oxidizing Agent

A symbol for a chemical that reacts with oxygen in air

Flammable

A WHMIS symbol for a fire hazard

Compressed Gas

A WHMIS symbol for a gas under pressure

Explosive

A WHMIS symbol for reactive hazards

Matter

A physical substance that occupies space

Pure Substance

A substance containing only one type of molecule

Element

A type of pure substance made of a single type of atom

Compound

A pure substance with molecules made up of more than one element

Mixture

A combination of one or more pure substances

Homogenous Mixture (solution)

A mixture with a uniform composition and properties, composed of solutes and solvents

Heterogenous Mixture

A mixture with an uneven distribution of substances

Subatomic Particles

A particle smaller than an atom and found inside of an atom

Quarks

Particles that make up protons, neutrons, and electrons

Atom

A particle created when protons, neutrons, and electrons are held together