BioMed Unit 3 - Integumentary System

Name 5 functions of the skin

(1) protection- from water, air, infection, chemicals, UV radiation (2) sensations such as pressure, heat cold, pain (3) temperature regulation- body can be heated or cooled by sweat and blood flow near surface (4) excretion- of waste through sweat (5) production- of Vitamin D.

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in the palms and soles of the feet?

stratum lucidum.

Name the layers of the epidermis from bottom (deepest) to top (superficial).

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum.

What is the stratum basale?

lowest layer of the epidermis, constantly dividing and pushing up cells into the next layer.

What is the stratum spinosum?

"spiny layer", named for the irregular shape of cells, several cells thick, contains pre-keratin filaments.

What is the stratum granulosum?

cells here begin to flatten and disintegrate, accumulate keratin granules, responsible for water-proofing the skin.

What is the stratum lucidum?

(clear layer)- a thin layer of translucent cells only found in thick skin of the palms and soles of feet.

What is the stratum corneum?

layer of dead cells 20-30, thick, keratinized cells protect the deeper layers, regularly shed from the body.

What is the function of melanin?

protects the skin against harmful UV rays.

Where is melanin produced?

melanin is produced by melanocytes in the bottom 2 layers of the epidermis.

What are the 3 types of skin cancer?

melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma.

What is melonoma?

uncontrolled division of melanocytes.

What is basal cell carcinoma?

uncontrolled division of cells in the stratum basal layer.

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

uncontrolled division of cells in the stratum spinosum layer.

Name the layers of the skin from bottom (deepest) to top (superficial).

hypodermis, dermis, and the epidermis.

Dermal papillae found between the epidermis and dermis form what commonly known feature?

fingerprints.

What is the most common fingerprint pattern?

loop.

What are the 2 major layers of the dermis?

papillary layer and reticular layer.

What is the papillary layer composed of?

loose areolar connective tissue.

What is the reticular layer composed of?

bundles of collagen fibers.

How do surgeons prevent scarring?

by making incisions parallel to the lines of cleavage formed by the arrangement of collagen fibers in the reticular layer.

Why do our faces turn red when we exercise?

during exercise, the blood vessels in the dermis will swell causing skin to appear red.

What is a sebaceous gland?

sebum (oil) producing gland, more are found in the scalp and face but none on the palms or soles of the feet, holocrine.

What is a sudoriferous gland?

sweat producing gland, two types: eccrine and apocrine.

What is an eccrine gland?

merocrine sweat glands that are abundant and often found on the palms, soles of feet, and forehead, long tubes that open into pores on the surface of the skin.

What is an apocrine gland?

found almost exclusively in the armpits and genital areas, contain proteins and fatty substances, originally odorless bacteria breaks down the fat and proteins causing odor, increase during puberty.

What is the function of sebum?

lubricates the hair and skin and kills bacteria.

What is the function of hair on the head?

keeps in heat and protects us from the sun.

What is the function of body hair?

alerts us to insects.

What is the function of eyelashes?

protects the eyes.

What is the function of nose hair?

prevents the entry of foreign objects.

The part of the hair that sticks out of the skin is the hair _____.

shaft.

The part of the hair within the skin is the hair ________.

follicle, located in the dermis.

Where does hair grow from?

the hair bulb, the cells produced are filled with keratin and pigments.

What causes our hair to "stand on end"?

arrector pili.

What are the parts of the nail?

eponychium, free edge, nail body, proximal and lateral nail folds (all visible) and the root, nail bed, nail matrix (all are not visible).

What is the site of nail formation?

the nail matrix.

What is the function of the eponychium (cuticle)?

provides a protective seal for the nail matrix.

What is the lunula?

means little moon, moon-shaped part of the nail, appears whiter due to its thickness.

What is the ABCDE rule for early melanoma detection?

A-asymmetry, B-borders (the outer edges are uneven), C-color (dark black or have multiple colors), D-diameter (greater than 6mm), E-evolving (change in size, shape, and color).

What are the characteristics of a 1st degree burn?

only superficial epidermis is damaged, skin is red and uncomfortable.

What are the characteristics of a 2nd degree burn?

epidermis and superficial portion of the dermis are damaged, skin is red, painful, and blistered.

What are the characteristics of a 3rd degree burn?

both the epidermis and dermis are destroyed and possibly portions of the hypodermis, as well (known as full-thickness burns), blisters and blackened skin is present, but the burns are not painful because the nerve endings have been damaged, requires skin graft.

What are the characteristics of a 4th degree burn?

damaged tissue extends into deeper layers such as bone and muscle, requires skin graft.

Describe the process of homeostasis for a superficial burn (1st & 2nd degree).

fluids and heat are lost, intact dermis regenerates, fluid & temperature stabilizes, homeostasis restored.

Describe the process of homeostasis for a severe burn (3rd & 4th degree).

fluids and heat are lost, damaged dermis is unable to regenerate, fluid levels stabilized through medical intervention, homeostasis restored.

Describe the Rule of Nines.

head & neck=9%, arms=9% each, chest=9%, upper back=9%, abdomen=9%, lower back=9%, legs=18%, and genitals=1%.

What is the formula for determining the amount of fluid required by a burn victim?

4ml x Total Burn Surface Area % x Body Weight (kg), 50% given in the first 8 hours, 50% given in the next 16 hours.