World History: Chapter 5 Quiz

1/13/26

Aristotle

• 384 BC-322 BC

• A student of Plato and philosopher who wrote about many branches of knowledge.

• Founder of the Lyceum and tutor for Alexander the Great

-developed his own ideas about government. He analyzed all forms of government, from monarchy to democracy, and found good and bad examples of each.

- also addressed the question of how people ought to live. In his view, good conduct meant pursuing the “golden mean,”

Lyceum

A school founded by Aristotle that taught many branches of knowledge.

Plato

(437 BC-347 BC) a student of Socrates and was an Athenian thinker

• writer of philosophical dialogues and founder of the academy in Athens

• had a lifelong distrust of democracy.

• he founded the Academy, where he taught and wrote about his ideas

• emphasized the importance of reason, arguing that through rational thought people could discover unchanging ethical values, recognize perfect beauty, and learn how best to organize society.

• author of the Republic

• believed that men generally surpassed women in mental and physical tasks, but that some women were better than some men.

• argued that talented women should be educated to serve the state and that the ruling elite—both men and women—would train for the military together and raise their children in communal centers for the good of the republic.

The Republic

Book made by Plato

• it described his version of an ideal state

• it rejected Athenian democracy because it condemned Socrates

• talks about how the state should regulate every aspect of a citizen’s life in order to provide best interests

Plato’s social classes

workers to produce the necessities of life, soldiers to defend the state, and philosophers to rule

Socrates

(469 BC-399 BC) Athenian stonesman and philosopher.

• Most of what we know about him comes from his student Plato.

• wrote no books

• he passed his days in the town square asking people about their beliefs

• at 70 years old, he was put on trial. His enemies accused him of corrupting the city’s youth and failing to respect the gods.

• receives the death penalty

Socratic Method

is a process of questioning and answering that examines assumptions and implications to arrive at truth.

• Socrates used this method by posing a series of questions to challenge people’s ideas

• he believed it helped others gain truth and self-knowledge, though many Athenians saw it as a threat to traditional values.

Philip II

(359 BC-336 BC) restored internal peace to Macedonia, built an effected army and then formed alliances with many Greek city states and conquered them

• had lived in Thebes and had admired Greek culture. Later, he hired Aristotle as a tutor to his young son Alexander.

• When he controlled Greece in 359 B.C, he conquered the wealthy city-states to the south.

• built a powerful army and used threats, bribery, and diplomacy to form alliances

• In 338 B.C defeated Athens and Thebes at the battle of Chaeronea and brought all of Greece under his control.

Alexander the Great

(356 BC-324 BC) Philip II’s son and Aristotle’s pupil

• became heir to Philip’s territories and conquered the Persian empire'

• won his first victory over the Persians at the Granicus River.

• He then advanced from victory to victory, moving through Asia Minor into Palestine, south to Egypt, and then east to capture Babylon

• Other cities surrendered, but before Alexander could capture Darius, the Persian emperor was murdered.

• died of a sudden fever at age thirty-two, leaving his empire “to the strongest.” No single leader succeeded him

Stoicism

• the most influential philosophy

• Founded by Zeno,

• it taught people to accept life calmly, avoid desire, and uphold high moral standards, including respect for human rights and moral equality for all

• later influenced Roman and Christian thinkers.

Hippocrates

Around 400 B.C., the Greek physician studied the causes of illness and sought cures

The ___ oath set ethical standards for doctors, and a similar oath is still taken today.

Aristarchus

Using mathematics and observation he argued that Earth rotated on its axis and orbited the sun, though this heliocentric theory was not accepted for nearly 2,000 years

• His ideas later inspired Copernicus

• also calculated the sizes and distances of the sun and moon, while Eratosthenes showed that Earth was round and accurately measured its circumference.

Pythagoras

In the Hellenistic age, scholars built on Greek, Babylonian, and Egyptian knowledge.

They expanded on __ who developed a formula for right triangles and whose work on numbers, mathematical principles

• proofs influenced Plato, Aristotle, and later Western thought.