Visualizing Data: Intro to Statistics

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to data visualization and statistics, extracted from lecture notes.

Mode

The most frequent value in a dataset.

Median

The middle value of a dataset when it is ordered.

Mean

The average value calculated by dividing the total of all values by the number of values.

Percentile

A measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group fall.

Cumulative Frequency

The sum of the frequencies for all values up to a certain point in a dataset.

Normal Distribution

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution where most of the observations cluster around the central peak.

Primary Study

A study where new data is collected from individuals.

Secondary Study

A study that analyzes existing data.

Tertiary Study

A study that reviews and synthesizes existing literature.

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

An experimental design where participants are randomly assigned to different groups to test an intervention.

Outlier

A data point that is significantly different from other observations in a dataset.

Bar Chart

A chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars.

Histogram

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data using bars that touch each other.

Scatter Plot

A graph showing the relationship between two quantitative variables using dots.

Quartiles

Values that divide a dataset into four equal parts.

Box and Whisker Plot

A graphical representation that summarizes a dataset based on five summary statistics.

Frequency Distribution

A summary of how often different values occur in a dataset.

Cohort Study

A study that follows a group of people over time to see how exposure affects outcomes.

Case-Control Study

A study that compares individuals with a specific condition to those without it to identify risk factors.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize or describe characteristics of a dataset.

Inferential Statistics

Statistics that use a random sample of data taken from a population to make inferences about the population.

Bias

Systematic error in a statistical study that can affect the results.

Data Collection

The process of gathering and measuring information.

Cleaned Data

Data that has been reviewed and prepared for analysis by correcting errors and inconsistencies.

Raw Data

Data that has not been processed or cleaned.

Sampling

The process of selecting a representative group from a population.

Variable

A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

Quantitative Research

Research that deals with measurable data and statistical analysis.

Qualitative Research

Research that involves non-numerical data such as feedback and interviews.

Correlation

A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together.

Spurious Correlation

A relationship between two variables that appears to be causal but have nothing to do with each other or are influenced by a third variable.

Data Visualization

The graphical representation of information and data.

Data Presentation

The process of organizing and presenting data to communicate results effectively.

Trend Analysis

The practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern.

Line Graph

A type of chart that visually displays data over time.

Pie Chart

A circular statistical graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.

Survey

A method of gathering information from individuals usually by asking questions.

Statistical Testing

A method to determine if there is a significant difference between groups.