human health and disease

viral vector vaccines

use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection (covid)

toxoid vaccine

chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity (diphtheria and tetanus)

subunit, recombinant, polysaccharides, and conjugate vaccines

use specific pieces of the germ to stimulate an immune response without using the entire germ. like its protein, sugarm pr capsid (HPV, shingles, hepatitis B, whooping cough, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease)

mRNA vaccines 

works by injecting mRNO that codes for protines similar to proteins found on the virus (covid)

live vaccines

a weakened for of the germ that causes disease (measles, mumples, rubella, rotavirus, polio, small pox, yellow pox, chicken pox, yellow fever)

inactivated vaccines

dead organisms injected to build immunity (hepetitis A, flu, polio (shot only), rabies, pertussis)

epidemiological triad of disease

explaining how a disease is likeyly to occur, including characteristics, of the host (health of immune system), agent (pathogen), environment (conducive to spread

recommendation during seizure

lay sideways on floor (open airways), protect head, clear area, don’t hold person, time the seizure

petit mal sizure

looks like a staring spell that last a few seconds and brief loss of consciousness

gran mal (tonic-clonic)

stiffening of the body (tonic phase), and convulsions (clonic phase), “normal seizure”, complete loss of consciousness for several min, causes brain injury, epilepsy, stroke, and infections

seizure disorder

caused by abnormal excessive electrical activity in the brain and are characterized by loss of control of muscular activity and unconscious

low back pain

acute vs chronic, damage to discs, dislocation, and fractures could occur; treatment: sugery, rehabilitation, and medications; prevention proper posture/lifting, excise, weight management

osteoporosis

bodys bones becaome wear and break easily from lack of calcium; treatment= medication, pain management, massagem acupucture; prevention= diet w calcium and vitamin D, exercise, and stregth

tendonitis

inflammation of tendon; cause pain, swelling, and tenderness

carpal tunnel

common occupational injury in which the median nerve in the writse becomes irritated, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the fingers and hands; treatment change work setting, splinting, surgery

circadian rhythm

biological clock; pineal gland and releases melatonin

sleep hygiene

sleep schedule, sleep enviroment, pre-sleep routine, diet and exercise, sleep duration, sleep quality

RICE treatment

REST, ICE (10-20 min at time every 2 hours), COMPRESS, ELEVATE

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint; degeneration of cartilage and underlying bone due to wear and tear, age, and trauma; typically weight-baring joints, treatment: pain relievers and physcial therapy; primary (no known cause) and secondary (specific cause is identified)

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints are attacked; chronic inflammation; syetrical (both sides of body), multiple joints and progresses rapidly; treatment: immunosuppressants and pain relief

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids 

cell-mediated immunity

immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells (specialized white blood cells (lymphocytes) attack and destroy the foregin invader

natural adaptive immunity

Passive: someone gave you the antibodies (mother to fetus) Active: infection acquired then you build the immunity

artificial adaptive immunity

Passive: blood transfusion Active: vaccination

adaptive immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them (humoral and cell-mediated, more specific, B and T cells target the invading organisms)

innate immunity 

present before exposure and effective from birth; responds to a broad range of pathogens; first line of defence; skin,saliva, tears, hair, and stomach acids protect

HIV/AIDS

pathogen: human immunodeficiency virus (causes AIDS) symptoms: cold, fever, sore throat, tiredness, nausea; mode of transmission: spread through blood fluids (NOT SALIVA) treatment: antiretroviral therapy)

triomoniasis

pathogen: protozoa; symptoms: bad smell, discharge, burning, itich, pain peeing; treatment: oral metronidazole antibiotic

bacterial vaginosis

pathogen: bacteria; symptoms: discharge, fish smell, pain, itch, burn, swelling, red; treatments: antibiotics

candidiasis

pathogen: fungus; symptoms: itching, white discharge; MOF: sexual contact; treatment antifungal drugs

HPV and genital warts

pathogen: human papilloma virus; symptoms: may develop genital warts; treatment: topical medication

syphilis

bacteria; oozing sore, rash/white patches, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache; direct sexual contact or mother to fetus; antibiotics (penicillin)

gonorrhea

bacteria; milky discharge and painful pee; by hands or bodily fluids; antibiotics

chlamydia

bacteria; pain peeing, yellow discharge, spotting (woman); antibiotics

second impact syndrome 

second head injury happens before symptoms from the first concussion have fully resolves; symptoms sudden and severe stunned, collapse, loss of consciousness, seizures, dilated pupils, and coma

concussion recovery

rest to help brain heal, limit activities that involve lots of concentration; mild 7-10 days, moderate 2-4 weeks, severe could take months

concussion symptoms

headache, concentration , memory, balance and coodination problems

secondary headaches

are the result of other medica conditions; sinus infection, meducations, head injury, visual ailments, truama, or a serious health threat (stroke/brain tumor)

cluster headaches

intense painful headaches that affect one side of the head and and be associated with eyes and nasal congestion

primary headaches

not related to other medical conditions (migraine, tension, amd cluster)

migraines

intense headaches that recur regularly and can be difficult to treat; no known cause or cure; runs in families; 1 of both sides of family

rabies

acute viral infection; fever, headache, weakness

hepatitis c

inflammation of the liver cause exposure to infected blood; strain is rarely contracted sexually

hepatitis B 

inflammation of the liver cause by contaminated blood or body fluid (sexually occurs)

hepatitis A

inflammation of the liver usually fecal contamination of food or water

hepatitis 

inflammation of liver usually from viral infection, cause fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function

meningitis

inflammation of brain and spinal cord; saliva, kissing, nasal discharge, feces, or respiratory and throat secretions; stiffness of neck; highly contagious; bacterial, fungal, and viral

emphysema

involves the gradual, irreversible destruction of the alveoli of the lungs; impairs the transfer of oxygen

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi and tubes persisting over a long time; cough up mucus; drugs

COPD

progressive lung disease that gradually makes it more and more difficult for a person to breathe; chronic bronchitis, emphysema

intrinsic asthma

NOT allergic reaction; usually presents after 35 years; upper respiratory infections, air pollution, emotional stress, smoke, exercise, and cold exposure

extrinsic asthma

most common type caused BY ALLERGIES, runs in families and develops during childhood and can completely go away

asthma treatment

inhalers, avoid triggers, exercise regularly; bronchodilators and inhales corticosteroid

asthma causes

medical conditions, allergens, pollutants, dust mites, cigarette smoke, and genetics

asthma

chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing and wheezing; airflow is blocked in and out of lungs

vector transmission

transmission of an infectious agent by an insect, arthropod, or animal; flees, ticks, mosquitos

direct transmission 

transmission of blood or fluids through touching, kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talkings 

indirect transmission

through blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object; meat or like razor

susceptible host 

#6a person likely to get an infection or disease, usually because body defenses are weak; infants, elderly 65+, immunocompromised

portal of entry

#5 a way for the causative agent to enter a new reservoir or host; mouth, nose, eyes, cuts in skin

a mode of transmission

#4 a way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where i can live; indirect or direct; vectors

portal of exit 

#3 Anybody opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave; coughing, condoms, feces, and bodily secretions

reservoir 

#2 people, animals, soil, food, water

chain of infection 

1, infectious agent 2 reservoir 3 portal of exit 4 mode of transmission 5 portal of entry 6 susceptible host

gasroesophage al reflux disease GERD

a disorder characterized by back flow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus; causes cough, heartburn, choking, and vomiting; avoid food that cause attacks and take antacids

ulcerative colitis

colon becomes inflamed or develops ulcers; causes cramping and pain; focus on not eating trigger foods or foods that are hard to digest 

chron’s diease 

a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of ANY PART OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT; major pain, inflammation, bleeding, fever, weight loss; monitor diet to treat, anti-inflammatory, surgeries

inflammatory bowel disease

intestine become inflamed; severe pain, cramping, bloody stool, and bloating; ulcerative colitis and chron’s disease

IBS

normal muscular contractions in the intestines of individuals with IBS don’t work properly and food isn’t processed or eliminated

testicular cancer prevention 

healthy, self examin, limit tobacco/alcohol

uterine cancer prevention

no way to prevent but live healthy

ovarian cancer prevention

healthy diet, sleep, exercise, stress management; annual pelvic examinations; cancer-related checkups every year for women 40+

prostate cancer prevention 

healthy diet, healthy weight, refrain from smoking

colon rectal cancer prevention

regular exercise; eat lots of fruits, veggies, and grains, healthy weight, avoid tobacco products

breast cancer prevention

exercise

prostate cancer screening

blood test

lung cancer screening 

low dose CT scan 

cervical cancer screening

pap smear

dental dam

thin latex used to protect against STI during oral