BIOL301 Final Review [Part 1]

UofSC Dr. Knott's BIOL301 final exam prep part 1.

Water's polar nature __________________________.

makes it a good solvent

The low density of ice _____________________________.

allows aquatic plants to survive in the winter

A liquid with low pH would have a ____ H+ concentration and would be called ____.

word bank: low, high, similar, acidic, basic, alkaline

high; acidic

Fish obtain oxygen from the water through their gills using ______ ______.

countercurrent circulation

The temperature that water reaches its maximum density is ____.

(the number not the word)

4°C

The rate of biological processes increases two to four times for each ____ increase in temperature.

10°C

Anaerobic conditions __________________________________.

are more common in deep water than in the shallows

The primary cause of coral bleaching is ________________.

increased water temperature

Match the structural adaptations to the benefit it provides.

Questions:

Prevent loss of leaf tissue: _________

Produce a boundary layer of still air: __________

Able to take up water after brief rainfall events: __________

Protect plants from slow water loss: ______________

Word bank:

Resin, shallow roots, small leaves with a high density of veins, flowers, long roots, spines and hairs

Prevent loss of leaf tissue: small leaves with a high density of veins

Produce a boundary layer of still air: spines and hairs

Able to take up water after brief rainfall events: shallow roots

Protect plants from slow water loss: resin

Aquatic organisms have developed streamlined shapes to adapt to the ________________.

viscosity of water

Availability of soil nutrients varies with ______________.

the presence of other ions, pH, and soil temperature.

Which is NOT an adaptation to low-oxygen aquatic environments?

A. breathing air
B. symbiotic relationship with algae
C. increased hemoglobin
D. increased metabolic activity

increased metabolic activity

Which is NOT a true statement?

A. All ectotherms are poikilotherms
B. Ectotherms tend to have lower metabolic rates than endotherms
C. Ectotherms are able to alter their body temperature
D. Ectotherms have body temperatures that are determined largely by their external environment

All ectotherms are poikilotherms

Which is NOT an adaptation that exploits the density of water?

A. high percentages of fat
B. long, filamentous appendages
C. droplets of oil on algae
D. a gas-filled swim bladder

long, filamentous appendages

Which photosynthesis method is best suited to warm, dry environments?

I. C3 fixation
II. C4 fixation
III. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

II and III only

Why are both carbon dioxide and oxygen limited in aquatic environments?

They are not very soluble in water

Which of the following is NOT a part of the carbon equilibrium in water?

A. ammonia
B. carbonic acid
C. hydrogen ions
D. bicarbonate

ammonia

Which does NOT limit the ability of aquatic plants to photosynthesize?

high levels of carbonic acid

Spotted salamanders lay eggs in gelatinous masses on twigs partially submerged in small ponds or vernal pools. Associated with the eggs, scientists have found a species of alga living in a mutualistic relationship with the developing eggs. What benefit does the salamander receive from this relationship?

The salamander embryos receive an increased oxygen supply

[T/F] Adding dissolved compounds such as salt to water increases the boiling point and increases the freezing point.

False

A fish that has tissue solute concentrations that are higher than surrounding water...

is trying not to drink the environmental water in an attempt to maintain internal water concentrations AND is hyperosmotic

Photosynthesis occurs in two steps, known as ____ and the _____.

light reactions and the calvin cycle

A smallmouth bass swimming in colder water of a springtime lake would likely expend _____ energy than when swimming in warmer water of the same lake during the summer (all things being equal).

more

A plant with a high number of stomata _________.

has a high rate of transpiration

Photosynthesis primarily allows plants to produce ______.

glucose

Many types of traits are plastic, such as.....

development, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

When the protist Euplotes detects predators, it grows "wings" and other projections to discourage predators. However, developing the projections and wings slows down growth. This is an example of:

I. phenotypic trade-offs
II. phenotypic plasticity
III. inbreeding depression

I and II only

If a goldfish is acclimated at 25°C, at which temperature would we expect the fish to swim fastest?

A. equally fast at all temperatures
B. 40°C
C. 25°C
D. 5°C

25°C

Match the dormancy type to its definition and/or example.

Question:

Chipmunks: __________.

A shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot or dry conditions: __________.

Crocodiles: ___________.

West indian hummingbird: _____________.

A complete physiological shutdown: ___________.

A brief period of dormancy in which individuals reduce activity: _____________.

Word bank:

torpor, hibernation, diapause, aestivation, osmoregulation, metaslow

Chipmunks: hibernation

A shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot or dry conditions: aestivation

Crocodiles: aestivation

West indian hummingbird: torpor

A complete physiological shutdown: diapause

A brief period of dormancy in which individuals reduce activity: torpor

[T/F] Some foragers consume a singular food type as a diet mixing foraging response because of one type of food will provide all of the necessary nutrients.

False

Since resources vary in ____ and _____, no single foraging strategy can maximize an animal's fitness.

space and time

[T/F] Slow environmental fluctuations favor slow phenotypic responses, whereas rapid fluctuations favor rapid phenotypic responses.

True

A scientist is studying bird that forages for worms and takes them back to its nest. If the relation between search time and the number of prey caught remains constant but the scientist moved the food closer, what change in the bird's behavior would central place foraging predict?

Fewer worms would be brought back per trip.

What is the risk to a species of inbreeding depression?

an increased likelihood of deleterious genes being inherited from both egg and sperm

Which statement about predator and prey phenotypic plasticity is accurate?

I. Prey can change morphology to avoid predators
II. Predators can change morphology to capture prey
III. Both predators and prey can exhibit phenotypic trade-offs

I, II, and III

Based on the central-place foraging theory and the figure, identify the optimal number of prey for a forager to catch. In the figure, the straight orange line indicates the optimal rate of prey capture.

8 prey

When humans move from low elevations to high elevations, it typically takes one or more weeks for their bodies to improve their ability to carry oxygen. This is an example of ______________.

acclimation

Different species of birds found feeding in different parts of the same forest canopy at the same time may be an example of _______ _______.

microhabitat differences

Consider the figure, which shows how Virginia pepperweed responds to herbivores. Which of the following conclusions can we make solely using the data shown?

I. Plants increased glucosinolate production when aphids were present.
II. Plants with more glucosinate and trichomes had fewer aphids.
III. Producing glucosinate and trichomes reduced plant fitness when aphids were absent.

I and II only

This figure shows the tail shape developed by three tadpole genotypes (M, N, and O) when raised in an environment with an environment with predators and an environment without predators. In the presence of predators, tadpoles with large tails have high fitness and tadpoles with small tails have low fitness. When predators are not present, tadpoles with large tails have low fitness and tadpoles with small tails have high fitness.

Which genotype(s) exhibit(s) phenotypic plasticity in response to predators?

O only

Consider a mouse that can forage in one of two fields. The south field has three times more seeds than the north field. However, an owl (a predator that eats mice) lives at the south field. The mouse forages in the north field despite the fact that it contains less food. This is an example of:

risk-sensitive foraging

The average annual rainfall measured in a desert over 10 years is which type of variation?

climate

In response to a specific type of environmental variation, the Burmese python can drastically increase the size of its heart and length of its intestines in fewer than 2 days. What environmental variation causes this drastic change?

variation in availability of food

A predator should always eat the prey species that provides the highest amount of energy gained per unit time... this is for the ____ response to food variation in space and time.

optimal

full name: optimal diet composition

[T/F] energy benefit of a resource item / handling time = amount of energy gained per unit time

true

Changes in ____ and _____ are often relatively slow phenotypic responses.

morphology; life history

Which of the following are phenotypic plastic responses of plants to reduced water availability?

I. Develop trichomes and produce more glucosinolate
II. Close stomata in leaves
III. Increase the root/shoot ratio

II and III only

Which of the following is an example of weather?

A single location received 10 cm of snow on January 1, 2011, but no snow on January 2, 2011.

The figure shows plant growth responses to variation in availability of water. If this is an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, how would we expect the root-to-shoot ratio be related to fitness?

When water is scarce, plants with high root-to-shoot ratios have higher fitness.

The ocean zone with the highest productivity is the _______.

neritic zone

Which of the following is the most likely reason a soil would not have an O horizon?

The soil is in a desert

Many factors create ocean currents. Some factors are....

unequal heating, salinity, coriolis effects, and wind directions

Oceans and lakes cover a ____ percentage in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, ____ rain falls in the Northern Hemisphere.

lower; less

In which lake zone would photosynthesis not occur?

profundal zones

Based on the image below, identify the latent heat movement. A is representative of _____ and B is representative of _____.

absorbed; released

The energy of incident solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth declines towards the poles from its maximum in equatorial regions. Which of these is NOT a reason for this?

a. The tilt of the Earth increases the reflection of solar radiation
b. A given amount of solar radiation is spread over a larger area at higher latitudes
c. Solar radiation travels a longer path through Earth's atmosphere at higher latitudes
d. The rays of the Sun strike Earth at right angles over the equator as compared to oblique angles at the poles

The tilt of the Earth increases the reflection of solar radiation

A symbiotic relationship with algae is central to _______ ______.

coral reefs

What kind of oceanic circulation would you predict for the western costs of continents?

cold currents moving from the poles toward the equator

As a river flows down stream, it generally:

has more nutrients.

Which of the following does NOT drive ocean currents?

a. the Coriolis effect
b. topography of the ocean basins
c. temperature differences
d. continental water sources
e. differences in salinity

continental water sources

Thermohaline circulation is driven by:

sinking polar water with high salinity

The aphotic zone is a feature in:

the open ocean

In which aquatic environment are organisms most likely to produce bioluminescence?

aphotic zones

Manure from a farming operation that enters into a stream would be considered:

allochthonous

Albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected by an object. Forests have ____ albedo and snow has _____ albedo.

low; high

An important characteristic of streams is:

high allochthonous inputs.

What is a unique characteristic of estuaries?

the mixing of fresh and salt water

Which of the following is used to distinguish aquatic biomes?

I. salinity
II. depth
III. flow

I, II, and III

What is NOT a reason why cold regions with high rainfall are rare?

a. water does not evaporate at high temperatures
b. water does not evaporate at low temperatures
c. cold atmosphere holds a lot of water vapor
d. cold atmosphere holds a little water vapor

Water does not evaporate at high temperatures.
Cold atmosphere holds a lot of water vapor.

Compared to coastal regions, the interior of a continent usually has _____ precipitation and ______ variation in climate.

less; more

Lakes are generally divided into zones, each of which has unique physical and biological attributes. In which zone would you expect to find rooted vegetation?

littoral

Which combination of factors causes the fastest nutrient cycling in a biome?

high precipitation and high temperatures

In areas with significant leaching, which soil horizon would be largest?

E

Plant growth and it's growing season can be constrained by ____ and _____.

temperature; precipitation

Consider three populations of plant species, each of which is isolated from other populations of the same species. Population X has had approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has had approximately 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Z has had approximately 1 million individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. If the environment changed and a new environmental condition exerted the exact same strength of directional selection on all three populations, which population would we expect to evolve most rapidly?

Population Z

Which of the following is/are correct?

I. Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers
II. Sympatric speciation can occur through polyploidy
III. Sympatric speciation is less common than allopatric speciation

I, II, and III

Consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the number of fish in a population to become drastically smaller, which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few generations. This is an example of:

bottleneck effect

Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice. This gene has two alleles, A and a. If AA mice have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the effect of these alleles?

A and a are codominant

Here is a table of 4 populations of dragons with the allele frequencies that relate to breathing fire over 10 years. Which of the populations evolved? You may choose more than one answer if necessary.

Population 2; Population 3

Match the word with its definition.

________: allele whose phenotypic effect is NOT typically observed in a heterozygote.

________: the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by its genetic makeup.

________: any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishing phenotypic effects.

________: having two identical alleles for a given gene (example genotype: AA or aa)

________: a cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

________: a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA

word bank:

gene, heterozygous, chromosome, homozygous, dominant, phenotype, recessive, allele

recessive : allele whose phenotypic effect is NOT typically observed in a heterozygote.

phenotype : the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by its genetic makeup.

allele : any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishing phenotypic effects.

homozygous : having two identical alleles for a given gene (example genotype: AA or aa)

chromosome : a cellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

gene : a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence of DNA

Which is a prediction of the hypothesis that predation caused industrial melanism?

Birds more frequently capture dark moths on light trees than those on dark trees

Since I am so interested in populations of lizards, I kept track of the number of homozygous recessive lizards over a period of several years within a population of 100 lizards. Use the following equations and assume that the populations I researched were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to figure out allele frequencies and the number of individuals below.

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 ------------------------ p + q = 1

I found that 16 lizards out of the 100 in the year 2004 had the ability to breathe underwater (genotype ff).
- What was the frequency of the dominant allele (p) in 2004?
- What was the frequency of the recessive allele (q) in 2004?
- What is the expected number of homozygous dominant individuals in 2004?
- What was the expected number of heterozygous dominant individuals in 2004?

I found that 64 lizards out of the 100 in the year 2012 had the ability to breathe underwater (genotype ff).
- What was the frequency of the dominant allele (p) in 2012?
- What was the frequency of the recessive allele (q) in 2012?
- What is the expected number of homozygous dominant individuals in 2012?
- What was the expected number of heterozygous dominant individuals in 2012?

I found that 16 lizards out of the 100 in the year 2004 had the ability to breathe underwater (genotype ff).
- What was the frequency of the dominant allele (p) in 2004? ----> 0.6
- What was the frequency of the recessive allele (q) in 2004? ----> 0.4
- What is the expected number of homozygous dominant individuals in 2004? ----> 36
- What was the expected number of heterozygous dominant individuals in 2004? ----> 48

I found that 64 lizards out of the 100 in the year 2012 had the ability to breathe underwater (genotype ff).
- What was the frequency of the dominant allele (p) in 2012? ----> 0.2
- What was the frequency of the recessive allele (q) in 2012? ----> 0.8
- What is the expected number of homozygous dominant individuals in 2012? ----> 4
- What was the expected number of heterozygous dominant individuals in 2012? ----> 32

The drastic phenotypic differences between large dogs, such as bloodhounds, and small dogs, such as chihuahuas, are a result of:

artificial selection

Shown below are pictures of Arabidopsis spp. which typically has four flowers as in the picture on the left. the picture on the right represents a flower from an organism where a change occurred in the nucleotide sequence of the sex cells of its parents. This example represents the mechanism of evolution called:

mutation

Body size is a heritable trait in the amphipod, an aquatic crustacean. Fish preferentially consume large amphipods, leaving primarily small amphipods to breed. Based on these observations, how would we expect evolution to affect ponds with and without fish?

ponds with fish should have smaller amphipods

What process creates new alleles in a population?

mutation

Stickleback fish exhibit variation in a morphological trait known as gill rakers. Fish with long gill rakers are very good at eating plankton, and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating deep-water invertebrates. However, fish with intermediate-length gill rakers are poor at eating either type of food. Fish that are better at consuming food have higher survival and reproduction rates than poorer consumers. Based on this information, what type of selection is likely acting on stickleback gill raker length?

disruptive selection

Amy has a population of 500 rats.

- 245 of her rats are auburn while 255 are black.
- Being auburn is a homozygous recessive trait (aa).
- If this population is currently in H-W equilibrium,

1. The value of p is:
2. The value of q is:
3. How many rats are homozygous dominant?
4. How many rats are heterozygous?

p + q = 1 ------------- p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

1. The value of p is: 0.3
2. The value of q is: 0.7
3. 45 rats are homozygous dominant
4. 210 rats are heterozygous

If a population of butterflies is under strong natural selection favoring large wings but there is no genetic variation for wing size, what do we expect to occur in the next population?

There will be no evolutionary change in wing size.

Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which group is most closely related to the reptiles?

mammals

Consider three populations of plant species, each of which is isolated from other populations of the same species. Population X has had approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has had approximately 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Z has had approximately 1 million individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. If genetic drift is the only evolutionary process acting on these populations, how can we expect the amount of genetic variation to differ among these populations?

X will have the lowest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the highest variation.

Which is/are correct about the founder effect?

I. Founder effect occurs when individuals are transplanted to a new location.
II. Founder effect produces new alleles.
III. Founder effect may see further reduction in genetic variation.

I and III

Shown here is a picture of an island with a species of ladybug that comes in two colors, yellow and red. The ladybugs are not strong enough to fly to the new island but there is a large storm that blows several ladybugs onto the new island. The ladybugs on this new island are all red while the ladybugs in the initial population still contain some of the yellow colored ladybugs. The mechanism of evolution for this chance change in allele frequency is called:

genetic drift

Based on phylogeny in the figure, which traits are shared by bony fishes and amphibians?

jaws and bony skeleton

Which of the following types of allele would we expect to have the lowest frequency in a population?

harmful dominant allele

Select the requirements for evolution by natural selection.

1. The parents in a population overproduce offspring so that some will not survive.
2. Those individuals with traits that make them fitter will be the ones to survive while the least fit die off.
3. Causes of phenomena are purposeful and immutable
4. The individuals in a population display a variation in traits such as color, behavior, size, and shape due to genetic variation.
5. Some of the traits are passed down from parents to descendants and are heritable.

1. The parents in a population overproduce offspring so that some will not survive.
2. Those individuals with traits that make them fitter will be the ones to survive while the least fit die off.
4. The individuals in a population display a variation in traits such as color, behavior, size, and shape due to genetic variation.
5. Some of the traits are passed down from parents to descendants and are heritable.

Based on the phylogeny of the Galapagos finches, which statement is correct?

a. The ground finches and the tree finches have no common ancestor
b. The ancestor of the small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects.
c. The ancestor of the large cactus finch and common cactus finch likely ate insects.
d. The small tree finch is most closely related to the sharp-beaked finch.

The ancestor of the small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects.

When a parental generation undergoes stabilizing selection, how will the distribution of phenotypes in the population change between the parental generation and their progeny?

Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability decreases.

Evolution by artificial selection is similar to evolution by natural selection because:

I. both require traits to be heritable.
II. both incorporate founder effects.
III. both favor certain traits over others.

I and III only.

Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local male competition. This occurs because:

a large number of females can mate with a single male