Midterm 2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Requires the failure of pancreatic beta cells to maintain compensatory hypersecretion of

insulin over many years

Type 2 diabetes mellitus differs from Type 1 diabetes mellitus because Type 2 has normal pancreatic beta cell function

False

Fatty liver is associated with obesity and may result in liver failure, although most people with fatty liver do not progress to liver failure

True

Regarding lipoproteins in the blood

a and c are true

During the third trimester of pregnancy, some women develop

gestational diabetes. This is important because

Gestational diabetes is highly predictive of subsequent development of permanent diabetes as the woman gets older and if she is overweight or gains weight

A good marker of stunting in infants and children is believed to be,

Muscle mass

A person with high _, high _, and low _ levels may be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.

a and c

Fructose has several interesting metabolic characteristics, including

Tending to increase blood triglyceride levels, especially after meals

Adding several hundred Kcal of carbohydrates to your normal daily intake for a week or two, without any change of energy expenditure, will not stimulate new fat synthesis, which means that you will not gain body fat despite the extra carbohydrate energy intake.

False

Increasing carbohydrate intake in the diet,

a and c

Fructose, which is a simple sugar

All of the above

Which of the following responses will the body NOT exhibit when there is an acute phase response due to infection combined with starvation?

Better lean tissue anabolic response to supplemental nutrition

The increase in fructose intake in the U.S. over the past 30-50 years is largely due to a switch to more fruit intake

False

When a febrile illness (illness with fever) is contracted in a person with protein-calorie insufficiency, the ability to conserve lean tissue is compromised

True

Treatment with diet/exercise or insulin sensitizing medicines in asymptomatic pre-diabetics,

Is typically more effective at slowing progression to hyperglycemia than the same

intervention would be at reducing hyperglycemia in advanced type 2 diabetes

Children and infants with stunting may have impaired cognitive function and life-long reduced intellectual capacity and represent a major loss of human potential internationally

True

Pancreatic beta cell "exhaustion* occurs in almost everyone with increased demands for insulin secretion in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance

False

Restricting calories by 20-30% without protein deficiency in certain animals

prolongs maximal life-span and delays or prevents cancer, but data in humans are lacking. Some reasonable conclusions might be,

a and b

Certain individuals who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes are called prediabetics. The following statements are true about this group,

d. a, b and c

Our physiologic adaptations to protein-caloric insufficiency may underlie several health-related problems in humans, including,

a and b

The body's adaptations to starvation allows survival for a maximum of about 40 days without food, rather than being at risk for death after 2-3 weeks.

False

If you have the metabolic syndrome your risk for cardiovascular disease is about the same as having high blood pressure, obesity or high blood triglyceride levels alone - but metabolic syndrome is irreversible once it is present

False

The onset of menstrual periods in a girl and the loss of menstrual periods in an adult woman both may be related to muscle mass, which explains the association with BMI

False

Adaptations to starvation successfully reduce protein losses in the body to almost zero, so that lean body mass is maintained stable indefinitely

False

In conditions like tuberculosis, HIVIAIDS or cancer, profound weight loss and loss of body muscle and protein can be a cause of death

True

Alcohol - related disability occurs mostly in people more that 60 - 70 years old

False

The majority of alcohol-related disease world-wide is seen in men and, in less than 40 year olds, is most commonly by unintentional injuries or self-harm

True

If a dog or cat gets a serious infection, they will,

Tend to sleep and not groom themselves

Reducing the amount of dietary sugar,

Has been shown to reduce liver fat content and reduce the synthesis of fatty acids by the

liver in young people with fatty liver disease

If a child in a less developed country is found to have stunting, the following are likely to be true

All of the above

Which of the following statements is TRUE about calorie restriction for increasing lifespan or health-span?

Calorie restriction can reduce metabolic rate, cell proliferation rates and protein turnover in animal models

Feeding a person with appetite loss due to a serious infection like tuberculosis or AIDS is an effective way to preserve or increase lean tissue and muscle mass that has been lost

False

Childhood stunting is a very important international problem but generally has modest effects on the children once they have grown up, as they typically catch up for factors like height and cognitive function.

False

Alcohol is metabolized to acetate in the liver, which has a high priority for oxidation as fuel, thereby replacing nutrients like carbohydrates and fats as energy sources in liver and muscle cells.

True

Alcohol intake patterns are highly variable world-wide and in different demographics in the U.S., and this has important effects on public health

True

Metabolic abnormality-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is present mostly in obese or overweight people and is associated with insulin resistance, possibly because compensatory high insulin levels stimulate new fat synthesis in the liver

True

Multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease commonly occur together, have more than additive effects on risk and include high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol and high blood glucose

True

Physiologic adaptations to protein-caloric insufficiency may underlie observations in other settings, including:

a and b

The legal limit to blood alcohol while driving is 0.08%. If your blood alcohol is 0.150% and you stop drinking, most of the alcohol will be metabolized out of your blood and you will be below the legal limit in 3-4 hours.

False

Which of the following is/are possibly NOT affected by the inclusion of an outlier in the data set:

Median

One thousand California residents who consent to participate will be followed for the next five years to record their alcohol consumption frequency and incidence of liver disease, in order to determine whether a correlation exists between the two. What type of scientific study is this?

Prospective longitudinal observational study

Which of the following represents the Four Pillars of Food Security?

Availability, Access, Utilization, and Stability

Dietary saturated fat intake is found mostly in vegetable oils and has a beneficial effect on blood LDL cholesterol levels

False

The effects of intermittent fasting or alternate-day fasting on life-span extension in mice or rats can be readily extrapolated to humans

False

A person who is overweight or obese can also experience nutrient deficiencies.

True

Humans and other mammals have the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase even though there is little or no alcohol (ethanol) in foods available in Nature

False

Fatty liver is commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance and most people with fatty liver progress to liver failure

False

Ethanol (alcohol) ingested acutely in humans is

Mostly released as free acetate into the bloodstream

Which of the following sections can you find in a peer-reviewed research paper?

Materials and methods

What is the main role of the abstract in a research paper?

To summarize the key objectives, methods, results, and conclusions of the study