Kinesiology 213 (University of Calgary) Final Exam Review

What is a heuristic?

Mental shortcut to simplify complex decisions

What is appeal to authority?

When one believes someone's claim to be true due to their credentials

What is an Axiom?

A foundational statement accepted as true without proof (That 1 + 1 = 2 so I can do 2*2 which is 1+1 + 1+1 )

What is an assumption?

A claim without evidence that is used to make conclusions

What are the mechanisms used to ensure self correction in research?

Peer review, replication, refinement of theories and models

What are 5 reasons a study might be wrong?

Not enough subjects, too many dependent variables (2<), too much statisical room for error, bias from no blinding (no control or conflict of interest) and amigious parameters

What are the three principles of ethical animal testing?

Reduction (less animals via efficiency), Replacement (less sentients) and Refinement (less suffering)

What is deductive reasoning?

Existing evidence to make a specific conclusion (I love dogs, beagles are dogs, I love beagles!!)

What is inductive reasoning?

When observations are used to create new knowledge which may or may not be true (Beagles are cute.. Beagles are dogs... all dogs are cute)

What is Bayesian Reasoning?

Assumptions are made of the probability of an answer based off information (Beagles are cute... Beagles are dogs... some species have quirks that make them different... dogs are 50% likely to be cute)

What is a research paradigm?

Overarching philos phy perspective that biases parts of research

What is positivism, what methods does it use?

We should collect data to understand a deterministic reality we can manipulate and everything is objective so we measure quantitively

What is Interpetivism/Hermenutic approach, what methods does it use?

We should collect data to understand a non-deterministic reality we cannot manipulate and everything is subjective so we measure qualativiely

What is two eyed seeing?

Using western science and indigenous tribal practices to create results

What is pluralism?

The acknowledging of multiple perspectives and ways of understanding

What is pragmatism?

Learning in practical terms using pluralism (understanding other people are also smart and how things can be used irl)

What is Ontology?

Organization of knowledge to understand the world

What is Epistemology?

How we learn about reality

What is an onthological lock?

When we confine ourselves to only one view point

What is a theory?

An untested explanation of a phenomenon

How does theory factor into qualitative research?

The outcome of examined data (lets make a theory)

How does theory factor into quantative research?

A guide to the research process (lets prove a theory)

What is a model?

A simplifcation of a complex system to predict behaviour (stock prediction)

What is an operation definition?

What a variable means in the context of a study (Fit = having muscle)

What is Abductive reasoning?

Forming explanations based off inconclusive evidence

What is constructivism?

Knowledge is made by humans and we shape our understanding of reality through our lenses (A slipper can be footwear or a tool for abuse) What is qualitative data? | Non-numerical (often subjective) data What is quantitative data? | Numerical (often objective) data

What is mixed methods research?

The combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods

What is blinding in research?

Seperation of the subjects from the researchers (Person = #4 instead of Sally)

What is the rationalistic method?

Reasoning derived data collection

What is the empirical method?

Systematic evidence-based data collection

What is an observational study?

A study over time when there is no change to the lives of the participants usually without control groups

What is a experimental study?

A study where there is a change to the subject's lives and there's usually a control group

How is data collected in two eyed seeing?

Collaborating with Indigenous knowledge holders

What type of research is descriptive study?

Observational research Describing the current state of something

What type of research is longitudinal study?

Observational research about something changing over time (Testerone levels of men throughout the year)

What type of research is Cohort study?

Research common characterisitics of people with a similar demographic (smokers and cancer rate over time)

What type of research is Case-study?

Studying a person or group really hard (medical diagnosis think)

What type of research can you not manipulate the independent variable?

Observational

What type of study does not randomize the control group assignment?

Quasi-experimental and pre-experimental

What is considered the best type of research for validity?

Randomized Control Trial

What is grounded theory?

The production of a theory to explain observations in a study

What is research that collects data from only one point in time?

Cross-sectional and cohort

What is a study that looks into the past called?

Retrospective

What type of reasoning is used in Interpretivism?

Inductive

What type of reasoning is used in Positivism?

Deductive

What are the rules (guidelines) of animal research?

Reduce (amount of animals used), Replacement (less sentients) and Refinement (lessen suffering)

What is a stratified longitudinal study?

Multiple age groups are exposed exposed to a variable to shorten time for a study

What is a study with no control group?

Pre-experimental

What is basic research?

Abstract theoretical research conducted in a lab

What is applied research?

Theories in practice in the field

What is Analytical research?

Relationship between

What is Systematic research?

The usage of a system to isolate and refine dataset of existing research

What is a meta-analysis?

Answering a problem using all pre-existing research to reach a common conclusion

What is the ideal sample?

A scaled version of the target population

What is μ?

Mean of Population

What is σ?

Standard Deviation in population

What is x̄ ?

Sample mean

What are the three aspects of Ethics?

Respect for person, Concern for welfare and Justice

What is the P value?

The chance a result is due to coincidence

What is sigma?

Standard deviation of sample

What is Boolean logic?

There are only two choices for any problem (I ask her out, I don't ask her out)

What is a ratio scale?

0-Infinity with order categories

What is Interval scale?

Categories have equally spaced intervals with negatives and 0's

What is Ordinal Scale?

Data categorized with an order but it may not be equally space (PHD vs Bsc)

What is Nominal scale?

Categorizes distinct data without any order (Blue does not come before green)

What is stratified sampling?

Seperate population into groups based on characteristics then randomly pick from each strata (group)

What is systematic sampling?

Use a system or algorithim to pick up a sample (Every blue house is a sample)

What is cluster sampling?

Dividing a population into clusters and pick randomly

What is Internal validity?

How good the sample assignment inside the study is

What is external validity?

How representative of the general population the sample is

What is Sampling bias?

Over or Under-representation of a population in a sample

What is the most common sampling bias?

Low levels of responses to surveys which are usually people with extreme opinions

What is exclusion criteria?

Filtering out non-relevant people from a sample

What is inclusion criteria?

Primary targets of a study

What is non-probability samples?

Samples made through non-random methods

What is a convenience sample?

Samples made of whoever is closest/easiest to access

What is snowball sampling?

Asking existing sample members to bring in more samples

What is the purposive sample?

Samples with extremely specific critera

What is a simple random sample?

When a sample is created with a random number

What is confounding variables?

Non-relevant populations contaminate the reuults of your study

What is a type 1 error?

False positive: you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis (nothing happened)

What is an exploratory study?

Initial bit of research to find possible variance (like what is to be expected in future research)

What is type 2 error?

False negative: you incorrectly accept the null hypothesis (something did happen)

What is the correleation between type 1 and type 2 error?

As type 1 increases; type 2 decreases

What is the Pareto Distriubution?

20% of a population makes 80% of the impact

What is the normal distirbution?

Most of the population falls into 50-60% of a certain attribute and outside this range becomes rarer (bell shaped curve)

What is the difference between qualitative and quantative data analysis?

Qualitative data generation needs to take into account emotional context

What is a taxonomy?

Formal system to classify complex phenomenon (eg. anxiety is made up of sweating, increased heart rate etc)

What is Ongoing data analysis?

When you analyze data multiple times over time

What is spiral data analysis?

The model is being refined to constantly change interpertations previously recorded

What is immediate data analysis?

The data is classified and interpeted at one point in time What is coding data? | Assigning labels to data

What makes the data different in a qualitative data vs quantative data?

The interpetation and the bias of the researchers

What is narrative research?

Use of stories to understanded lived experiences

What is an ethnography?

Understanding a cultural group via shared features of an ethnic group

What is phenomonlogy?

Study of a concept through lived experiences

What is IPA?

Interpretative phenomenological analysis (like you analyze a phenomenon

What is discrete measurements?

Measurements that can not be broken into fractions

What are continous measurements?

Measurements that can not be broken into fractions

What are nominal variables?

Discrete variables with no instrinic order (red, blue, green [red is better tho])

What are ordinal variables?

Discrete variables with a non-numerical order (gold, silver, bronze). Also this has no zero value