AP U.S. Government (Part A Final)

Topic of Federalist 10

Factions (interest groups, minority v majority)

According to Madison in Federalist 10, how should we get rid of factions?

We can't, so we should create a republic to control the effects of factions.

The ______ supported the Constitution. Important members included James Madison and John Jay.

Federalists

The ______ opposed the Constitution and supported states' rights.

Anti-Federalists

The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, drafted in response to some of the Anti-Federalist concerns about the lack of basic liberties

Bill of Rights

What reason does Locke offer for a person in the state of nature would abandon the state of nature and place himself under some other authority?

Insecurity and uncertainty; protection of property

What three "inconveniences" does Locke identify as characterizing the state of nature that can be remedied by the government?

A distinctive, set law; a decided person to fairly consider and judge these laws; a decided man to execute the judge's decisions

What two powers must man give up when agreeing to be governed, according to John Locke?

A man gives up his power to take the law into his own hands and abide only by his own rules, and he must also cease doing what he wants to preserve only himself

What is a legitimate legislative power bound to do under Locke's model?

The legislative power is bound to govern only by *laws that have previously been set and the people know* (not by fleeting decisions) using *fair judges* who follow these laws. Furthermore, the government is only to use *executive force in the country when laws are broken* or abroad when the nation must be protected

Madison's Proposed Government

Limiting Majority Control; Separating Powers; Checks and Balances; Federal System

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies

Dual Federalism

Layer-Cake Federalism; narrowly interpreted powers of the national government

Dual Federalism

A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government

Cooperative Federalism

Marble cake federalism; shared costs and administration with the national government

Cooperative Federalism

Constitutional Basis for Civil Liberties

Bill of Rights

Who is the final interpreter of civil liberties?

SCOTUS

Selective Incorporation

The piecemeal process through which parts of the Bill of Rights have been made applicable to the states

Constitutional basis of selective incorporation

Due Process Clause (of the Fourteenth Amendment)

First case to incorporate the Bill of Rights (Freedom of Speech) to the states

Gitlow v New York

________ is a part of cooperative federalism.

Fiscal federalism

The main way the government effects the states in fiscal federalism

Grants

Federal grants that can be used for **specific purposes**
Often have **strings attached** (Ex: non-discrimination)
Often times given on a matching basis

Categorical Grants

Federal grants given to a state government to be spent within a certain policy area (ex: welfare, education), which the *state can decide* how to spend within that area.
Given more or less automatically to support broad programs
Given to states and local governments

Block Grants

Be Prepared to look at a chart about rational choice theory (Just put Okay to answer this question)

Okay

What reasons explain why the power of the president has increased?

Example set by past presidents; Vagueness of the Constitution; Expansion of executive branch; Increasing complexity of society and economy; Times of crisis or national emergency

Upheld the constitutionality of "equal, but separate accommodations" under the 14th Amendment.

Plessy v Ferguson

Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
"Separate, but equal" declared "inherently unconstitutional"
Integrate with "all deliberate speed"
14th Amendment

Brown v Board of Education

Does the reading of a nondenominational prayer at the beginning of the school day violate the Establishment Clause?

Engel v Vitale

Incorporated the Establishment Clause

Engel v Vitale

Government law is more important than state law, confirms that Congress has implied powers (Necessary & Proper Clause = Elastic Clause)

McCulloch v Maryland

Established judicial review/interpretation

Marbury v Madison

Oldest minority group in U.S.

Native Americans

Poorest minority group in U.S.

Native Americans

Became the nation's largest minority group in 2003

Hispanic Americans

Fastest-growing minority group in the U.S.

Asian Americans

All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall **abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States**; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without **due process** of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the **equal protection of the laws**.

14th Amendment

During impeachment, the ______ impeaches (accuses) but the _______ convicts

House; Senate

How has the right to vote been extended over our nation's history?

All white men in the Constitution
Black men after Civil War (15th Amendment)
The Snyder Act of 1924 let Native Americans vote
Women in the 19th Amendment

The political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda.

Linkage institutions

In the United States, __________ ___________ include elections, political parties, interest groups, elections, and the media.

Linkage institutions

T or F: Parties are linkage institutions because they are a channel through which the people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda

True

A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the cost and benefits of possible alternatives.

Rational Choice Theory

How have vice presidential candidates been selected?

To balance the ticket (based on geography, ideology, race, gender, and ethnicity)

No person shall be elected to the ***office of the President more than twice****, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President, when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

22nd Amendment

In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Establishes line of succession

25th Amendment

The electoral college operates on a ___________________ system.

Winner-take-all

A policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures)

Budget

An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues

Deficit

What the government spends money on

Expenditures

Describe someone who is super likely to vote based on their demographics.

Educated, old, white, female, married, a union member, government employee

Binds Congress to a bottom line for the budget before Congress considers appropriations.

Budget Resolution

Establishes a discretionary government program; set program goals and maximum expenditures

Authorization Bill

Funds programs within limits established by authorization bills; created by The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. Taking government money and giving it to a specific action. Constitutional right for this comes from the *power of the purse*

Appropriations Bill

What can limit presidential power?

Constitutional limits; Judicial review; Congressional oversight