Anatomical Terminology and Directional Concepts

Vocabulary flashcards covering regional anatomical terminology, orientation and directional terms, and body cavity membranes based on the lecture notes.

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Bony eye socket

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck region

Sternal

Region of the sternum or breastbone

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Otic

Ear

Occipital

Back of head or base of skull

Dorsum

Back

Scapular

Area of scapula or shoulder blade

Vertebral

Area of spinal column

Lumbar

Loin (area between ribs and hips)

Sacral

Region of sacral bone (area between hips)

Gluteal

Buttocks

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Anterior elbow joint

Olecranal

Posterior elbow joint

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Manus

Hand

Pollex

Thumb

Palmar

Palm of hand

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Anterior knee/kneecap

Popliteal

Back of the knee

Crural

Leg

Sural

Calf or posterior surface of leg

Perineal

Region between genitals and anus

Abdominal

Anterior trunk below or inferior to the ribs

Fibular/peroneal

Side of the leg

Pedal

Foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Hallux

Great toe

Calcaneal

Heel

Plantar

Sole of foot

Umbilical

Navel

Pelvic

Pelvis region

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genital region

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

Back of the body

Axial

On the head, neck, or trunk of the body

Appendicular

Limbs and where they attach to the trunk

Superior

Towards the top

Inferior

Towards the bottom

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Parietal peritoneum (or serosa)

Lines the wall of the cavity

Visceral peritoneum (or serosa)

Wraps around the surface of individual organs

Peritoneal cavity

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Pleura

Covers the lungs

Pericardium

Covers the heart

Abdominopelvic Region 1

Right hypochondriac region

Abdominopelvic Region 2

Epigastic Region

Abdominopelvic Region 3

Left hypochondriac Region

Abdominopelvic Region 4

Right Lumbar region

Abdominopelvic Region 5

Umbilical Region

Abdominopelvic Region 6

Left lumbar region

Abdominopelvic Region 7

Right iliac region

Abdominopelvic Region 8

Hypogastic region

Abdominopelvic Region 9

Left illac region

Frontal Plane

divides the specimen into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

divides the specimen into superior and inferior parts

Sagittal plane (unequal), midsagittal is equal

divides the specimen into right and left

anatomical position

standard reference point in anatomy where the body is upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Osmosis

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane based on an osmotic gradient created by the solute concentration on either side of the membrane, HIGH SOLUTES MEANS LOW WATER POTENTIAL

Hypotonic Solution

Solutes of particles outside the cell are lesser concentration than inside, water into cell

Hypertonic Solution

More solute particles in the solution than outside the cell, water leaves and cell shrinks

levels of organization

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, cells, tissues, Organ, Organ systems, Organism

Homeostasis

maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems. Homeostatic control mechanisms have 3 components: the receptor (detects change), the control center (determines balance state), and the effector (enables response)

Receptor

Detects a change in the stimulus, sends infortmation via Afferent pathway

Control Center

intergrate and process information, determine appropriate response

Effector

Enable a response or change to occur within body, informaton comes via Efferent pathway

Negative feedback

a self-regulating system or response where a change in a condition triggers an action that counteracts or reverses that change to bring the system back to a stable set point

Positive feed back

much less common, enhances and increases the output of the initial stimulus

the cell

basic unit of life, structural and function unit of the human body

Eukaryotic cells

define nucleus and organnele inside each cell

Nucleus

at contains the cell's DNA and controls the cell's activities,

ribosomes

assembles protein

Endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membranes inside the cell that helps make, process, and transport proteins and lipids.

Rough ER

has ribosomes → makes and processes proteins

Smooth ER

no ribosomes → makes lipids and helps detoxify substance

Golgi complex

n organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids so they can be transported to where they are needed.

lysosomes

organelles that break down and digest waste, damaged cell parts, and foreign materials using digestive enzymes.

proteasomes

structures that break down and destroy damaged, unwanted, or old proteins inside the cell.

Mitochondria

organelles that produce ATP (energy) for the cell through cellular respiration.

Smaller cells have ____?

greater surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows metabolic processes to occur faster

plasma membrane

an asymmetric, dynamic barrier that is composed of proteins and a bilayer of amphipathic phospholipids, which contain outwardly facing hydrophilic (polar, “water-loving”) heads and inwardly facing hydrophobic (non-polar, “water-hating”) tails. ALSO exhibits selective permeability, meaning only certain 2 materials may cross the barrie

active transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy (ATP). against the concentration gradient.

Facilitated diffusion

the movement of substances from high concentration → low concentration across the cell membrane using protein channels or carrier proteins. It does NOT require ATP. PASSIVE TRANSPORTn