Week 3 A3.4 Sleep Apnea

What is sleep apnea?

A sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep.

What are the two main types of sleep apnea?

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and Central Sleep Apnea (CSA).

What causes obstructive sleep apnea?

Physical blockage of the airway due to factors like allergies, enlarged adenoids, overbite, or obesity.

What causes central sleep apnea?

The brain intermittently fails to signal the body to breathe, often due to CO₂/O₂ imbalance.

What is the primary symptom of sleep apnea?

Severe sleep deprivation.

What are nighttime symptoms of sleep apnea?

Nocturia, stress-induced insomnia, and loud snoring.

What are daytime symptoms of sleep apnea?

Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and headaches.

How does hormonal change at night affect OSA?

It makes airway muscles less stiff, increasing the risk of airway collapse.

What is the breathing cycle seen in central sleep apnea?

Hyperpnea → Hypocapnia → Apnea → Hypercapnia → Hyperpnea (repeats).

What is the term for rapid breathing during CSA episodes?

Hyperpnea.

What are the complications of untreated sleep apnea?

Increased risk of heart failure, respiratory failure, diabetes, arrhythmia, and certain cancers.

What is a polysomnogram?

A sleep study that tracks brain activity, gas levels, vitals, snoring, and movement.

What is the gold-standard treatment for moderate to severe OSA?

CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure).

Why do people often stop using CPAP?

Discomfort or difficulty wearing the mask.

What lifestyle changes can help manage sleep apnea?

Avoid sleeping pills/alcohol/depressants; sleep on side instead of back.

What oral devices can help with OSA?

Custom-made mouthpieces that improve airflow.

What are some surgical options for OSA?

Removal of adenoids or jaw realignment.

What are the risks of surgery for sleep apnea?

Anesthesia and postoperative swelling can temporarily worsen apnea.

What are the strongest risk factors for sleep apnea?

Older age, obesity, and male sex.

What is apnea?

A temporary cessation of breathing.