Science - Grade 10 Academic Biology Unit Test

Grade 10 Academic Biology

Cell membrane

also known as the plasma membrane, is a semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

Nucleoplasm

gel-like substance located in the nucleus of a cell, containing the nucleic acids, proteins, and other components necessary for genetic regulation and cellular function.

Mitochondria

double-membraned organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration and are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Vacuole

membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells, function is storage of nutrients, waste management

Chromatin

complex of DNA and proteins found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, in regulates and packaging DNA into a condensed form for efficient storage and transmission of genetic information.

Cell wall

a rigid, protective layer found outside the cell membrane in plant cells, providing structural support, protection, and helping to maintain cell shape and prevent excessive water uptake.

Nucleolus

distinct substructure within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells responsible for the assembly of ribosomal subunits essential for protein synthesis.

Chloroplasts

organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

membranous organelle within eukaryotic cells involved in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and the storage of calcium ions.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

a network of membrane-bound compartments studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis, processing, and sorting in eukaryotic cells.

Ribosomes

small structures found in cells that assemble proteins by reading instructions from genetic material (DNA).

Cytoplasm

gel-like substance found inside cells, encompassing organelles, cytoskeleton, and various dissolved molecules, where many cellular processes occur.

Golgi apparatus

packaging center inside cells where proteins and other molecules are sorted, modified, and sent to different parts of the cell or outside of it

Lysosome

membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes responsible for breaking down various biomolecules, old organelles, and foreign materials within the cell.

Flagella

whip-like appendages found on some cells, primarily in prokaryotes and certain eukaryotes, responsible for providing motility through the generation of a rotating motion.

Base

sturdy bottom part that provides stability and support for the entire microscope system.

Arm

vertical portion connecting the base to the head or body, providing structural support and carry with one hand by the arm and one by the bottom

Stage

platform where the specimen is placed for observation, typically equipped with clips or mechanical holders to secure the slide in position.

Diaphragm

rotating disk located beneath the stage that controls the amount of light passing through the specimen, enhancing contrast and clarity in the observed image.

Stage clips

small metal or plastic clips located on the stage, used to secure the microscope slide in place for observation.

Mirror

reflects light from the microscope's light source, directing it onto the specimen being observed.

Body tube

holds objective lenses and the eyepiece, allowing light to pass through and focus on the specimen for observation.

Eyepiece/ocular lense

the lens closest to the observer's eye that magnifies the image produced by the objective lens.

Nosepiece

the rotating mechanism that holds multiple objective lenses, allowing for easy selection and magnification adjustment during observation.

Coarse adjustment knob

used for initial focusing by moving the stage up or down to bring the specimen into approximate focus.

Fine adjustment knob

used for precise focusing by making slight movements to the stage, allowing for finer detail to be observed without drastically altering the focus.

Mitosis

cells dividing to make more cells

Prophase

Chromosomes are "condensing"

Metaphase

Chromosomes are lined up evenly in the center of the cell (m - middle) The nucleus is disassembled

Anaphase

(a-away) chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. Spindles pull the chromosomes

Telophase

(t-two) chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell, and new nuclei are forming on both sides. The nuclei surround the chromosomes

Cytokinesis

final splitting of the cells by splitting the cytoplasm.

Interphase

cells are growing, duplicating DNA, doing their functions (cells spend most of their time in this phase)

How many stages of mitosis are there

four, interphase is not a part of mitosis, but meiosis.

What are daughter cells

genetically identical cells resulting from the division of a parent cell during mitosis or meiosis in biology

What are parent cells

the original cells that undergo division to produce daughter cells in biology.

Four main types of tissue

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue

lines the surfaces of the body and organs, serving as a protective barrier and facilitating absorption and secretion.

Connective tissue

provides structural support, connects, and cushions various body parts, while also transporting substances throughout the body.

Muscle tissue

contracts and generates force, enabling movement of body parts and organs.

Nervous tissue

made up of nerve cells (neurons) that send signals and support cells (glial cells) that help them work properly.

Blood flow through the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Mammogram

a type of X-ray used to detect breast cancer

Biopsy

the removal and examination of a portion of a suspected tumour

Radiation

the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer

Chemotherapy

the use of chemicals to treat cancer

Asthma

airway swelling and mucus production; has periods of wellness between episodes

Chronic bronchitis

airway swelling and mucus production; worsens with time

Emphysema

collapse of air sacs; worsens with time

Difference between a chromosome and chromatid

A chromosome is the condensed structure of DNA and proteins carrying genetic information, while a chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication. (joined together by the centromere)

Why do cells divide rather than keep getting bigger

Cells divide instead of growing indefinitely because maintaining a small size allows for efficient nutrient exchange and optimal cellular function.

What is the difference between cytokinesis and mitosis

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles following nuclear division, while mitosis is the division of the nucleus, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Bone cell

involved in the formation, maintenance, and remodeling of bone tissue, ensuring skeletal strength and integrity.

Nerve cell

transmit electrical signals throughout the body, allowing for communication between different parts of the nervous system.

Red blood cell

specialized cells in the blood responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body.

Fat cell

store energy in the form of fat droplets and play a role in insulation and cushioning of organs.

Platelets

small cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

white blood cells

a type of blood cell that defends the body against infections and foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses.

G1

Cell growth

S

DNA replication

G2

preparation for mitosis

When is interphase

G1, S, and G2

Cell Division/Mitosis

cytokinesis, telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase

Cell division diagram

Frog diagram

Digestive system diagram

Heart diagram

Exocytosis

cells release molecules or substances from inside the cell to the outside by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane

Embryonic stem cells

special cells from very early embryos that can turn into many different kinds of cells in the body

Metastasis

when cancer cells spread from the original tumor to other parts of the body, forming new tumors

Carcinogen

a substance that can cause cancer by damaging the DNA in cells

Thylakoids

membrane-bound compartments found in chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur

Is blood a tissue or cell

Blood is a tissue consisting of cells, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma

Stem cells

special cells in the body that have the remarkable ability to develop into many different types of cells and repair damaged tissues

Cilia

tiny hair-like structures on the surface of cells that help move substances along the cell surface or propel the cell itself

Veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart from the body's tissues

Arteries

blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues

Capillaries

tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues

Circulatory system

the body's network of blood vessels and the heart that pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

Skeletal system

forms the structural framework of the body, providing support, protection, and enabling movement

Respiratory system

the body's breathing system, helping us to take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide waste from our bodies.

Why are stem cells beneficial to healthcare

have the potential to repair damaged tissues and organs, offering promising treatments for various medical conditions.

How do the structures of nerve and blood cells relate to the different functions they perform

Nerve cells have long fibres to carry messages, while red blood cells are disk-shaped to carry oxygen effectively.

How are cancer cells different from normal cells

Cancer cells grow too much, don't follow rules, and can spread, while normal cells grow and work in a balanced way.