Physiology Exam 1 Review Doc Flashcards

all questions from the review doc except for the ones only regarding memorization of a diagram (cell membrane, fluid mosaic model, neuron, and sarcomere structure diagrams)

Why are all carbohydrates broken down into single sugars/monosaccharides?

so they can enter the blood

What are the components of disaccharides?

2 monosaccharides and glucose

What is the main source of energy for the brain?

carbohydrates

What is a part of all disaccharides?

glucose

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in the body?

glycogen

Where is glycogen in the body?

mostly in muscle, rest in liver

What does the glycemic index measure?

quality of carbohydrates

What type of carbohydrates have a high glycemic index?

easily digestable carbohydrates that immediately raid blood glucose

What type of carbohydrates have a low glycemic index?

slow to digest carbohydrates that don’t spike blood glucose

What does glycemic load measure?

quantity and quality of carbohydrates

Will one food have the same glycemic load and glycemic index?

no

How are lipids stored in the body?

triglycerides

What is a triglyceride?

glycerol bound to fatty acid chains

Where are triglycerides found?

adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Why are lipids stored as triglyceride instead of in fat?

more efficient and compact

How are saturated fats different than unsaturated fats?

no double bonds between carbons, tightly packed

Why are saturated fats tightly packed?

no double bonds

Are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

yes

Why do saturated have a high melting point?

tight packing

How are unsaturated fats different from saturated fats?

contain one or more double bonds

Why are unsaturated fats nonlinear and loosely packed?

double bonds

Are unsaturated fats solid at room temperature?

no

Why do unsaturated fats have low melting points?

loosely packed

How do NSAIDs stop pain?

block COX 1 and 2 to stop production of prostaglandin

Why is it preferable to have NSAIDs that only block COX2 not COX1?

COX1 is responsible for homeostasis, blocking it can cause GI distress

What is an example of an NSAID that doesn’t block COX1 commonly used by people who chronically use NSAIDs?

Celebrex

What are complete/high quality proteins?

contains all essential amino acids, generally found in animal products

What are incomplete/low quality proteins?

lack one or more essential amino acids, generally found in animal products

How can incomplete/low quality proteins be consumed to make them a complete protein?

consume multiple at same time

what are the 4 levels of organization?

cells, tissue, organ, and organ system

describe the cell level of organization

smallest unit with a function

describe the tissue level of organization

tissues with specialized functions

Give 4 examples of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

describe the organ level of organization

combination of tissues

describe the organ system level of organization

organs interacting in a system

Name the 3 body fluid compartment/cavities

cranial, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities

Describe the physical barrier function of the cell membrane

Separates intracellular from extracellular fluid

Describe the gateway for exchange function of the cell membrane

controls entry of ions and nutrients, removes waste, and releases hormones

Describe the communication function of the cell membrane

primary location for hormone receptors

describe the cell structure/cytoskeleton function of the cell membrane

internal scaffolding and support

What is pictured in this diagram?

the fluid mosaic model showing structure of cell membrane

What is the overall structure of the cell membrane?

made up of phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and protein inserts

What is the purpose of cholesterol inserts in the cell membrane?

increases cell membrane flexibility

What is synthesized in the smooth ER

fatty acids, steroids, and lipids

What are the 2 functions of the smooth ER?

synthesis and detoxification of drugs in kidney and liver

Why is the rough ER “rough”?

covered in ribosomes

What is the function of the rough ER?

protein assembly and modification

What are the 4 types of tissue in the body?

epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous

What is the function of epithelia tissue?

protecting internal environment, regulating exchange

How does epithelia tissue regulate exchange?

all substances entering or exiting the body must cross epithelia

What is the function of connective tissue?

strength and support

What are 2 examples of connective tissue?

cartilage and bone

What is the function of muscle tissue?

movement and contractility

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

What is the function of nervous tissue?

control and communication

What are 2 examples of nervous tissue?

neurons and glial cells

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Define bioenergetics

energy transfer in living organisms

How is energy acquired?

from food/nutrition

Where is energy stored in the body?

tissues

Why is energy conversion/transfer important?

non-useful energy converted to useful energy

What factor limits power?

rate ATP is turned into power

What is the function of enzymes?

Lower activation energy and serve as reaction catalysts

Are enzymes consumed in reactions?

no

Do enzymes produce energy?

no

How do co-enzymes assist enzyme activity?

by binding substrate to enzyme

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

enzymes work faster at higher temperatures up to a certain point

How does substrate availability affect the speed of reactions?

availability speeds up reaction to a certain point

What are catabolic/exergonic reactions?

reactions that release energy through breakdown

What are anabolic/endergonic reactions?

reactions that use energy through synthesis

Does the PCr pathway occur in the presence of oxygen?

no

What is the fuel for the PCr pathway?

phosphocreatine

What does phosphocreatine do in the PCr pathway?

provide phosphate to form ATP

Where does the PCr pathway take place?

cytoplasm

Does energy created from PCr last a long time?

no

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

Where does the Kreb’s/citric acid cycle take place?

mitochondria

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

mitochondria

What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?

lactic acid

What is the end product of aerobic glycolosis?

pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation

Why are two of the fates of lactate to be reconverted to pyruvate?

to be used for energy by aerobic tissues or in the heart

In what conditions is lactate reconverted to pyruvate?

presence of oxygen, or in heart

What reconverts lactate to pyruvate?

lactate dehydrogenase

What happens to lactate in the liver?

converted to glucose

What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle?

bring electrons NADH/FADH to the electron transport chain

How does the electron transport chain generate ATP?

electrons move against concentration gradient and are pumped through ATP synthase

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylyzation (end of electron transport chain)?

oxygen

Why are electrons forced to go through ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

membrane isn’t permeable to electrons

What is the 1st step of triglyceride breakdown to Acetyl CoA?

digested by lipases into glycerol

What is the 2nd step of triglyceride breakdown to Acetyl CoA?

glycerol used for glycolysis to create pyruvate and fatty acids

What is the 3rd step of triglyceride breakdown to Acetyl CoA?

fatty acids move to mitochondrial matrix where the acyl units are chopped off by beta oxidation

What is the 4th step of triglyceride breakdown to Acetyl CoA?

acyl units become acetyl CoA to be used in citric acid cycle

Rank the capacity (amount) of the ATP generating pathways from highest to lowest

oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, PCr

Rank the power (speed) of the ATP generating pathways from highest to lowest

Pcr, anaerobic glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

Describe autocrine communication in the neuroendocrine system?

local communication, cell targets itself

Describe signaling across gap junction communication in the neuroendocrine system?

local communication, targets connected cell

Describe paracrine communication in the neuroendocrine system?

local communication, targets nearby cell

Describe endocrine communication in the neuroendocrine system?

long-distance communication, targets through bloodstream

What are amine hormones derived from?

tryptophan and tyrosine

Are most of the bodies hormones amine or protein?

protein