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Biotechnology tools
________ are being used for a variety of purposes, including cancer therapies, increased agricultural yields, gene therapies for genetic disorders, de- extinction projects (such as the one to reintroduce the woolly mammoth), and extinction projects (such as attempting to eliminate pathogens that cause human disease), to name a few.
Gel electrophoresis
________ is a method for separating DNA fragments based on size and charge.
Bacteriophages
________ are viruses that may infect bacteria.
positive cathode
A(n) ________ is attached to the gel's bottom, while a negative anode is attached to the gel's top.
Cas9 enzyme
The ________ may be directed to cut at a specific DNA sequence by employing synthesized guide RNA bits that correspond to the intended site of the cut to be produced.
DNA
An electric current is supplied to the gel after ________ samples are put into wells at the top of the gel.
CRISPR
In nature, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (________)- Cas9 system serves as an adaptive immune system in bacteria.
PCR
________ includes cycles of DNA replication utilizing primers specific to the beginning and end of the fragment of the DNA sequence to be amplified.
gel
The ________ is typically constructed of agarose and has minute holes through which the DNA fragments flow.
selectable marker
A(n) ________ is required for the foreign plasmid DNA so that cells that have integrated the plasmid DNA can be identified.
Phosphate groups
________ are somewhat negatively charged.
new virus
When a(n) ________ infects the bacteria, the bacteria compare the DNA sequences from the ________ to those stored in the bacterium.
viral DNA
When a bacteriophage infects a bacterium, the ________ is broken up and inserted between short palindromic repeats in the bacteria's DNA.
Heat shock
________ is one way of converting bacteria in which bacterial cells are combined with foreign DNA and then exposed to heat.
abundance of phosphate groups
Because of the ________ in DNA molecules, they carry a net negative charge.
Bacterial transformation
________ involves the introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial cells.
CRISPR
________ has the ability to modify DNA sequences.
Cas9 enzyme
To determine where to cut DNA, the ________ employs a bit of guide RNA.
PCR
________ may be used to replicate a particular DNA segment millions of times.