Drug Analysis Quiz 1

Who is responsible for the Controlled Substances Act?

The FDA and DEA

What does the controlled substance act cover?

criteria for scheduling a drug, procedures for scheduling and control, effects

What is the criteria for scheduling a drug?

potential for abuse, accepted medicinal used in the united states, likelihood of dependence

What is Schedule I

drugs with high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the U.S.,and has a high potential for dependence

What are examples of Schedule I drugs?

Heroin, LSD, Eutylone

What is a schedule II drug?

Drug with high potential for abuse, accepted medical use in the U.S., high potential for dependence

What are examples of Schedule II drugs ?

cocaine, methamphetamine, fentanyl

What is a schedule III drug?

drug with less potential for abuse, accepted medical use in the U.S., low physical dependence, and high psychological dependence

what are examples of schedule III drugs?

many anabolic steroids, naloxone, buprenorphine combination

What is a schedule IV drug?

a drug with a low potential for abuse, accepted medical use in the U.S., limited physical and psychological dependence

what are examples of Schedule IV drugs?

alprazolam, diazepam, tramadol

What is a schedule V drug?

a drug with low potential for abuse, well-documented medical use, limited potential for dependence

what are examples of schedule V drugs?

low dose codeine preparations, gabapentin

What are mechanisms on controlling substances?

licensing, security, quotas, DEA form 222C

What are the restrictions on dispensing, importing , and exporting?

based on schedule, limits to refills, closely monitored

What is the difference in Federal vs. State CSA?

most states have adopted a law that resembles the federal CSA under the Uniform CSA act. drugs may be controlled at the state level, but not federally or vice versa.

What are the 4 classifications of drugs?

legal, pharmacological, name, chemical

What are the general analysis steps

1)inventory contents of evidence package 2)describe in notes 3)choose sampling schemes 4)weight or count, as appropriate 5)perform color test, if appropriate 6)take sample for further testing 7)perform additional screening tests 8)perform confirmatory test

What is the sampling scheme for possession of drugs?

sample of one each item/subitem with all gross weights (with packaging)

What is the sampling scheme for distribution/intent to distribute?

sample up to five or until the weight threshold is met

What are the 4 screening tests?

color tests, pharmaceutical identifiers, TLC, DART-TOF

What are other clues besides screening tests of a drug?

pH and smell

What are the 4 confirmatory tests?

DART-TOF, GC-MS(one column), GC-FID-MS(two columns), FT-IR

What are the pros of color tests?

instant results, easy to train users, mobile, inexpensive, rigid, wide variety of options

What are the cons of color tests?

not specific, subjection interpretation of color, hazardous chemicals used, false negatives and positives, effects of mixtures on color produced

What can differ the results of color tests?

concentration of the sample, interference from cutting agents or other drugs reacting with the reagent

How do color tests work?

due primarily to the functional groups on the sample molecule reacting with the color reagent. drugs with similar structures will usually give the same result in the reagent, an indicator of drug class

What is a color reaction specific for?

Drug class

What is the mechanism for the Marquis color test?

concentrated sulfuric acid condenses the aromatic ring with formaldehyde and then oxidizes the resulting diarylmethylene compound to a colored conjugate product. The color reaction only occurs with aromatic compounds that condense with formaldehyde to form a product with a free para position or a para -OH group where oxidation to the conjugated product can occur.

What is the result of opium derivatives in marquis

morphine, codeine , thebaine, and papaverine will turn purple

What is the result of morphine derivatives in marquis ?

heroin, dilaudid all give a purple reaction with marquis

What is the result of amphetamines and methamphetamine in marquis?

orange to brown

What is the result of MDA/MDMA in marquis?

purple to black

What is the result of cathinones in marquis?

Yellow

What is the result of fentanyl in marquis?

light orange

What is the result of cocaine in marquis?

Pink/salmon

What is the result of aspirin in marquis?

pink/red after sitting

What is the result of diphenhydramine in marquis?

Yellow

What is the result of sugars and starches in marquis?

brown/tan

What is the sulfuric acid series?

Heroin, Morphine, and codeine will turn purple in marquis. Heroin and morphine will turn green in meckes and codeine will turn teal green. Heroin and morphine will turn purple in froehdes and codeine will turn olive green.

What does ferric chloride react with?

reacts with aromatic hydroxyl groups. can differentiate between heroin and morphine. morphine has aromatic hydroxyl groups and will react with ferric chloride.

What other drugs will react with ferric chloride?

GHB will turn red/brown. hydrolyzed aspirin will turn purple and acetaminophen blue.

What is the cobalt thiocyanate test used to identify

two-part color test used mainly to indicate “caines” cocaine, procaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine

What is the mechanism for cobalt thiocyanate?

the color of a cobalt complex is indicative of its geometry. the intense blue color is due to a change in the geometry of the cobalt complex to a tetrahedral structure.

Why is stannous chloride used to test cocaine?

Cocaine HCl will remain blue in stannous chloride, procaine and tetracaine the precipitate dissolves and in cocaine base the precipitate will turn blue.

Why doesn’t cocaine base produce a blue color until in stannous chloride?

cocaine base is not soluble in water, cocaine HCl is. cobalt thiocyanate is made with water and cocaine base cannot dissolve in the reagent. the acid in stannous chloride makes the cocaine base water-soluble and it can then dissolve in the cobalt thiocyanate and produce a blue color reaction

What is the Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (TBPEE) test?

2 part color test used as an amine indicator

What are the color indicators of amines in the TBPEE test?

primary amines- purple, secondary amine-blue, tertiary amines-red. PBR

What is the sodium nitroprusside test?

test for secondary amines. sodium nitroprusside and acetaldehyde in water. will produce a deep blue color indicating a secondary amine

What is the P-DMAB test?

also called Erlich’s, mainly reacts with compounds that have an indole group. can also react with some primary and secondary amines. procaine and benzocaine turn bright yellow.

What is tannic acid used for?

used to indicate compounds with a xanthine group. caffeine, theophylline, and pyrilamine

What is the dille-koppanyi test used for?

used to detect barbiturates and some xanthines. A 2-part test. DK-1 is cobalt acetate in MeOH and glacial acetic acid. DK-2 is isopropylamine in MeOH. purple after the addition of DK-2 means a positive reaction.

What is the weber test used for?

2-part test for psilocyn (mushrooms). Add sample to aqeuous fast blue b, will produce red color. add concentrated HCl acid , will produce blue color.

What is the iodoplatinate tlc spray used for?

alkaloids/nitrogenous compounds. more sensitive if acidified, more stable if acid not mixed in. most sensitive with tertiary or quaternary amines, but should see secondary

What is the ehrlichs tlc used for?

indoles (LSD and psilocybin/psilocin) and overspray for iodoplatinate (benzocaine and procaine)

What is fluorescamine(fluram) tlc spray used for ?

primary amines fluoresce green. spray, then view under longwave UV

What is potassium permanganate tlc spray used for?

unsaturated hydrocarbons (>C=C<), produce yellowish on purple background

what is ceric sulfate tlc spray used for?

overspray for iodo, will be positive for caffeine

What is the mercuric chloride and diphenylcarbazone tlc spray used for?

used to identify barbiturates, pink on purple background

what is the fast blue b tlc spray used for?

diazo dye for cannabinoids, different colors for different cannabinoids. adds specificity

What is a narcotic?

naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, synthetic, or antagonist. opium from papaver somniferum plant.

what are opiates?

compounds containing the fundamental morphine or thebaine structure possessing some affinity to the opoid receptors

what are opoids?

any compounds which, while not containing the fundamental morphine or thebaine structures, possess affinity for the opoid receptors

what are semi-synthetic opiates/opioids?

synthesized by functional modification of a product extracted from opium

What are synthetic opiates/opioids ?

synthesized using no products extracted from opium

Where does opium come from?

the papaver somniferum plant. poppy pods are cut to release opium. milky fluid from the unripe seeds is air-dried, scraped off, and processed to create opium.

what are the licit uses for opioids ?

prescriptions used to manage pain, control withdrawal, and treat coughs

What are the illicit uses for opoids?

self-medication, suppress emotional pain, create euphoria, create an escape

How do opiates act on the brain and nervous system (CNS)?

act on the limbic system to control emotions, on the brainstem for automatic functions, and on the spinal cord to transmit pain signals

How do opioids/opiates affect pain?

influences substance P, enkephalins, and endorphins at the mu, delta, and kappa receptors. substance P is released when the body is in pain. when substance P is too high, enkephalins and endorphins are released. enkephalins and endorphins bind to mu, kappa, and delta receptors to stop substance P particles from binding. opioids bind to the same receptors, resulting in pain relief.

How do opioids/opiates activate reward/reinforcement center of brain-user for a surge of pleasure?

Inhibit GABA to increase activation of pathway. trigger glutamate receptors. reduce number of dopamine receptors, making them more free to further activate pathway.

What is pharmacophore?

the relevant portion of the molecule that interacts with a receptor and is responsible for activity

What is the pharmacophore of morphine?

phenyl ring, quaternary carbon, CH2-CH2 group, tertiary nitrogen

What are side effects of opiates/opioids?

droopy eyelids, head nod. raspy, slowed, and slurred speech, slowed coordination and movement, pinpoint pupils, drying of skin and itching, cause nausea, cause constipation, dull sexual desire, inhibit clearance of phlegm

What is the tolerance for opiates/opioids?

no ceiling of tolerance. your body will continue to get used to the dose you use. you will keep needing to up the dose to achieve the same results. affects dopamine production. your body will eventually stop producing its own dopamine. can also have cross tolerance among opioids/opiates.

What is acute withdrawal for opioids/opiates?

occurs when chronic use is abruptly stopped. symptoms include nausea, running nose, sweating, muscle spasms, diarrhea, coughing, insomnia, diffuse body pain, goosebumps. starts around 18 hours after last use and can last 3-8 days.

What is protracted withdrawal of opioids/opiates?

symptoms last weeks to months after cessation of drug use. due to the body fixing neurological and biological changes. depression, sleep disturbances, anxiety, dysphoria, irritability. does not always occur

What alkaloids does opium contain?

contains 25 alkaloids. morphine, noscapine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine.

what alklaloids are used to produce most semi-synthetic opioids?

morphine, codeine , thebaine

What must be true for opium to be a schedule II drug

raw opium, opium extract, opium fluid extract, powdered opium, granulated opium, tincture of opium

what must be true for opium to be a schedule III drug ?

not more than 500 mg of opium per 100 ml or per 100g, or not more than 25 mg per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts

what must be true for opium to be a considered a schedule V drug?

not more than 100 mg of opium per 100 ml or per 100 g.

What schedule is morphine?

Schedule II drug. can be schedule III when not more than 50 mg of morphine, or any of its salts, per 100 ml or per 100 g with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. the gold standard for main management

codeine

can be a schedule II , III, or V drug. 12x more potent than morphine . soluble in methanol, chloroform

Heroin

schedule I drug. synthesized by acetylating morphine , can also be made from codeine. 3x more potent than morphine. acetyl groups allows it to cross the blood brain barrier, then deacetylates into morphine. morphine has a direct route to the brain = extremely fast high.

6-monoacetylmorphine

schedule II drug. breakdown/synthesis byproduct of heroin. only identified when heroin is too weak. reacts with iodoplatinate and ceric sulfate on TLC.

thebaine

schedule II drug, minor component of opium. mostly used for synthesis of semi-synthetic opioids/opiates

hydrocodone

a schedule II drug, semi-synthetic. almost always seen as a pharmaceutical tablet with acetaminophen or alone. same structure as oxycodone except without -OH group.

hydrocodone

a schedule II drug, semi-synthetic. almost always seen as a pharmaceutical tablet with acetaminophen or alone.

hydromorphone

schedule II drug, semi-synthetic. same structure as hydrocodone except with -H instead of -CH3 on oxygen. not as common of a prescription as hydrocone and oxycodone. mass spectrum extremely similar to morphine

methadone

schedule II drug, synthetic. prescribed to mediate withdrawal from opioids, mainly heroin. comes in tablets, liquids, and injectable forms. doesn’t produce the same euphoria as other opioids

Fentanyl

schedule II drug, synthetic. used for pain control, 100X more potent than morphine, 50X more potent than heroin as a pain reliever. illicit version often mixed with other drugs.

What are 5 common licit fentanyl analogs?

alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil. carfentanil, alpha-methylfentanyl, acetyl fentanyl

What are 3 common illicit fentanyl analogs?

para-fluorofentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, para-chlorofentanyl

propoxyphene

schedule II and IV drug. synthetic. used to control moderate pain.

Meperidine/pethidine

schedule II drug, synthetic. short acting, not very common in the US anymore

Narcotic antagonists

administered to combat overdoses, does not permanently reverse overdoses, binds to and displaces drug from opioid receptors. narcan (naloxone) is available at pharmacies in Va without a prescription

What agency puts out warnings and info sheets when they discover new substances?

NPS Discovery

What is the purpose of TLC?

screening technique where a sample is separated into its component parts, visualized, and compared to a standard. separation and comparison to a standard adds specificity

What are the three mobile phases used at DFS

9:1 Chloroform: Methanol

18:1 ammonia saturated chloroform : methanol

100:1.5 Methanol: ammonium hydroxide