Giancarlo Garippa - Memory Project

Explicit Memory

Involves conscious recall of facts and experiences

Ex. Being in my living room watching the world cup finals

Episodic Memory

Type of explicit memory, recollection of personal experiences and specific events

Ex.Falling on the ice on the stairs and falling on my nose

Semantic Memory

Type of explicit memory, recall of general facts and knowledge

Ex.Realising what the capital of Italy is

Implicit Memory

This type of memory does not require conscious thoughts and is crucial in performing everyday tasks automatically

Ex. Making a right out of my bedroom to go to my bathroom

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory that enables the performance of tasks and skills without conscious awareness, such as riding a bike or playing an instrument.

Ex.Learning to play the piano self taught

Prospective Memory

Remembering to perform an action or recall a planned intention at some future point. 

Ex. Taking Cali out after school and at night

Long term potentiation

A process in neuroscience that refers to the long-lasting strengthening of synapses between neurons

Ex: gym for brain

Working memory model

It describes the structure and processes involved in short-term memory and how it actively processes and manipulates information

Ex. like a food chain for the brain

Working Memory

Temporarily holding and manipulating information

Ex. In baseball when you field the ball and hold it for a second before throwing it

Central executive

Control center of working memory, manages attention, memory components, and integrates information from our senses and long-term memory

Ex. Keeping my attention span taking the essays last year in social studies

Phonological loop

Component of working memory responsible for processing and storing verbal and auditory information

Ex.Remembering my vocab words in 7th grade and doing it from memory

Visuospatial sketchpad

Component of working memory that handles visual and spatial information. It allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of images and spatial relationships, enabling tasks such as Navigation, Geometry, Visual tracking, Manipulating objects

Ex. Remembering what Mr. Heald wrote on the whiteboard for the ss essay

Multi-store model

Describes memory as a three-part system that includes: 

1. Sensory Memory 

2. Short-term Memory

3. Long-term Memory

Ex.Three parts of a golf swing

Sensory memory

Where sensory information is stored for a very brief period

Ex. Learning math and remembering it in class but forgetting after

Iconic memory

Captures a precise copy of a visual scene for a fraction of a second before it fades, briefly holds visual images, and allows the brain time to process and potentially transfer information to short-term memory

Ex. Watching a video for math and remembering a little bit

Echoic memory

Type of sensory memory that retains auditory information

Ex.Listening to j cole and remembering the lyrics

Short-Term Memory

Temporarily holds a small amount of information

Ex. Remembering the grocery list with four things on the fridge

Long-Term Memory

Information is stored indefinitely, with a virtually unlimited capacity

Ex. Comprehending what I learned in algebra

Automatic processing

The unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned tasks

Ex. Realizing I made a right turn in a car without realizing i did

Effortful processing

Requires active work and attention to encode information into long-term memory

Ex:Solving the puzzle on the dining room table

Encoding

Information is perceived and transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain

Ex. Remembering pemdas in the fourth grade

Storage

The process of retaining information in the brain over time

Ex.Getting a 100 on Geometry for the first time sophomore year

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness

Ex.Remembering what recall was from psychology last year

Levels of processing model

The depth at which information is thought about affects how well it is remembered

Ex.Knowing 1700s us history worse than the late 1800s/early 1900s

Shallow encoding

Surface characteristics of information, such as the sound or appearance of words

Ex. Hearing the sound of the bee before I got stung

Deep encoding

Processing information by focusing on its meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge

Ex. Connecting the Us history I learned last year to what I already knew in fourth grade

Structural, phonemic, semantic

Shallow processing that focuses on the physical structure of information Ex.Getting a hand out in chem

Shallow processing that focuses on the auditory aspects of information Ex.Hearing my teacher teach in chem

Mnemonic devices

Techniques used to improve memory, help in recall by adding simple cues like patterns, vivid images, or rhymes

Ex.Seeing KHDUDCM for the first time

Method of loci

Mnemonic technique that involves associating items to be remembered with specific physical locations

Ex. Whenever I think of recall I think of Mr miller’s classroom

Chunking-Grouping

Memory strategy of grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units
Ex. Connecting an animal to my APES class

Categories-Grouping

Method of organizing information by grouping related items together into categories

Ex. Grouping two movies to my favorite

Hierarchies-Grouping

Organizing information into a system of ranked categories or levels

Ex. Ranking types of basketball players at the gym

Spacing effect

Learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time

Ex. Studying for my SS test over a span of 2 days instead of the night before

Memory consolidation

New memories can be integrated with existing memories, influenced by prior knowledge, beliefs, and experiences

Ex. opening a window and realizing a similar time I did it

Massed practice

Learning strategy where content is studied intensively over a short period without breaks
Ex.Studying for an hour before my psych test

Distributed practice

Learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time

Ex.Spacing out my study time for my math test

Serial position effect

The tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle
Ex. the box in ap psych

Primacy effect

Tend to remember items presented at the beginning of a list better than those that follow

Ex. Mr miller’s class

Recency effect

The most recently presented items in a list are recalled more clearly and accurately than the items in the middle

Ex.Mr Millers class too

Maintenance rehearsal

Learning technique that involves repeatedly reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory
Ex. When I was trying to remember the road trip game in ap psych

Elaborative rehearsal

Memory technique that involves deep processing of information by adding meaning or connecting it to existing knowledge
Ex. Connecting college algebra too what I learned freshman year

Memory retention

The ability to maintain and store information over time

Ex.Remembering a thing for a test and still knowing it after

Autobiographical memory

Type of memory with events and experiences from an individual's own life

Ex. Remembering when I fell down the stairs

Retrograde amnesia

Memory disorder that involves the loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia

Ex. grandma

Anterograde amnesia

Memory disorder characterized by an inability to form new memories following amnesia, memories from before the event remain intact

Ex. Relearning who people are after

Alzheimer’s disease

Progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes
Ex.Watching the news and seeing someone have a brain eating bug

Infantile amnesia

The phenomenon where people cannot recall personal memories from the early years of life

Ex. Not knowing everything that happened when I was younger

Retrieval

The process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness

Ex. Remembering something that happened when I was a kid that I previously did not

Recall

Type of memory retrieval that involves accessing information without the aid of cues

Ex. No help remembering what I did in econ

Recognition

Type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information

Ex. Looking at the art freshman year and realizing who is who

Retrieval cues

Stimuli that help bring previously learned information to mind

Ex. Getting a little help to realize who king Tut was in 10th grade

Context-dependent memory

When you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it
Ex. Doing good in math last year on the test but the final

Mood-congruent memory

The tendency to recall information that is consistent with one's current mood

Ex.When I was happy learning math and did good when I was happy taking the test

State-dependent memory

Memory retrieval is most effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness

Ex. Being well awake during studying and being well awake when taking the test

Testing effect

Long-term memory is enhanced when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the information through testing

Ex. Taking my math quiz and then doing good on the test

Metacognition

The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, especially in relation to learning and memory
Ex. Thinking to myself and making a good connection

The forgetting curve

The rate at which memory fades over time

Ex. Not being able to remember what I learned first period at eight period

Encoding failure

Occurs when information does not enter long-term memory due to inadequate processing at the time of encoding
Ex.Forgetting what I learned last period

Proactive interference

Older memories inhibit the ability to learn and remember new information

Ex.Throwing a football then remembering a time I did the same freshman year in gym

Retroactive interference

New learning impairs the recall of previously encoded information

Ex. When I didn’t go in one day and i’m trying to remember from the day before and the teacher is moving top fast

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Common memory experience where an individual feels confident that they know a word or a name, but cannot immediately recall it

Ex.I can see the Italian term but cant remember the translation

Repression

Distressing thoughts and memories are unconsciously blocked from entering conscious awareness

Ex.Not remembering something in particular

Misinformation effect

Happens when new, incorrect information influences how we remember past events
Ex.False memories from psych green,red light

Source amnesia

The inability to remember where, when, or how previously learned information has been acquired (lost context), while retaining the factual knowledge
Ex. Going to sleep and forgetting that I went to school but remember what I learned

Constructive memory

Memories are not merely retrieved but actively constructed

Ex.Taking a while to remember what I did yesterday when I tried to remember right now

Imagination inflation

Imagining an event that never occurred can increase confidence that it did occur
Ex.When I saw a movie and someone was very confident and wrong