Health Study Guide

What are the hormonal methods of contraceptives?

contraceptive methods that alter a person’s hormone levels to thicken cervical mucus and inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg), they use the hormones estrogen and progesteron. Hormonal methods also help control the menstrual cycle to treat severe menstrual pain, endometriosis, and other reproductive disorders. Some types include: oral contraceptives (combination pill, progesteron-only pill), birth control patches, vaginal rings, birth control shots, birh control implants, and hormonal Intrauterine devices, as well as several emergency contraceptive pills.

What is an internal condom, and what steps should you follow when using one?

An internal condom is a barrier method that is similar to a pouch and fits inside the vagina or rectum to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. An internal condom must be inserted before the penis touches a partner’s genitals. It prevents pregnancy by catching semen. It also forms a barrier to STIs. When applying an internal condom:

1.Squeeze the inner ring at the closed end of the condom and push it into the vagina or rectum as deep as it will go. The outer ring should rest just outside the vagina or rectum.

2. Hold the outer ring against the vaginal or rectal opening while the penis is inserted. The penis should not slide outside the condom.

When removing an internal condom:

1. Hold the outer ring and twist the end of the condom to trap semen inside and prevent spillage.

2. Pull the condom out and discard it in the trash. An internal condom can only be used once. A new condom must be used each time a person has sexual intercourse.

Why is a good reason for a person or couple to choose sterilization?

Reasons to choose sterilization include:

• Adults know they do not want to have children or more children.

• Adults find other contraceptive methods unacceptable. Hormonal methods may be dangerous for some people, or pregnancy may carry serious risks.

• Adults have a genetic disease or disorder they do not want to pass on to children.

• Adults know they are and will never be emotionally or financially able to raise a family.

What is the FAM method, and who is best for?

The FAM method is a contraceptive method that tracks the cycle of fertility and avoids sexual activity on days an egg can be fertilized.

What barrier is 100 percent in preventing pregnancy?

sexual abstinence.

What protects you from STI’s?

sexual abstinence is the only 100% effective method of preventing STI’s, but condoms and dental dams may also be used to reduce the risk of spreading STI’s.

What are safe havens for babies?

facilities that allow people to leave their babies with no questions asked and no legal consequences. Safe havens include fire stations, police stations, and hospitals. Babies will be well cared for until they can be adopted.

What STI has no cure, but antiviral medications can control the symptoms?

Herpes.

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act?

A federal law that aims to provide patients a right to privacy by stating that patients must consent before their private health information is shared. A doctor needs a patient’s consent to share medical information with another doctor or other people.

What are the benefits of sexual abstinence?

Sexual abstinence may have physical (preventing teen pregnancies that may lead to health conditions, STI prevention) emotional (allows teens to enjoy a dating relationship without the complications of sexual activity, easier time ending relationships, allows individuals to build emotional maturity and trust before engaging in sexual activity and experiencing the impacts of oxytocin on the brain, better focus on individual growth and goals), and social (more time spent with other relationships, less conflict with partner/other relationships over morality of sexual decision) benefits.

What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle, and what happens in each stage?

Excitement Phase (Begins with increased blood flow to sensitive reproductive organs. Heart rate and blood pressure increase.Blood flow causes an erection. The penis becomes hard and elongated. The clitoris grows longer and swells. The labia swell, flush with color, and separate. Increased secretions lubricate the vagina. Blood flow causes a warm sensation. The breasts swell and become sensitive), Plateau Phase (Heart rate and blood pressure continue to rise. The penis becomes fully erect, and the testes swell. Blood flow increases to the vaginal wall. The labia continue to swell and flush with color, and the clitoris withdraws under tissue called a hood) Orgasmic Phase (Orgasm is characterized by pleasurable sensations in the genital area. This phase is marked by rhythmic muscular contractions in the reproductive organs and body. During ejaculation, muscular contractions forcefully eject semen out of the urethral opening of the penis. Orgasm causes rhythmic vaginal contractions) and Resolution Phase (Blood pressure lowers, and heart rate slows. Less blood flows to the reproductive organs. The penis and testes return to their unexcited size and position. The labia and clitoris reduce in size and return to their unexcited state).

What are gross-motor skills?

physical abilities that use the large muscles of the body. By the preschool years, the upper body and arms grow stronger and more coordinated. This allows movement to be more refined and efficient. Gross-motor skills are crucial for activities such as jumping,walking, and running.

What are emotional, environmental, intellectual, physical, and social health?

Dimensions of health. Physical health is the dimension of health that refers to how well the body functions. Intellectual health is the dimension of health that describes how a person observes and interprets information to make decisions, solve problems, and examine situations. Emotional health is the dimension of health that refers to the expression of thoughts and feelings, including emotions, moods, feelings about one’s self, and views about the world. Social health is the dimension of health that refers to how well a person gets along with others. Environmental health is the dimension of health that refers to the relationship between people and their surroundings, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and social factors that can impact human health and well-being.

What are the stages of the human life cycle, and what happens during each stage?

The human life cycle is a series of developmental stages from birth through adulthood and death.

1. Early childhood: developmental stage from infancy (birth to one year) through the preschool years (three to five years of age).

   1. Infants grow rapidly and reach milestones (rolling over, responding to voices, grasping objects, etc…).

   2. Toddlers develop more teeth and lose baby fat, take their first steps, begin developing gross-motor and fine-motor skills.

   3. Preschoolers further develop their gross- and fine-motor skills as well as classification skills. They develop empathy and engage in cooperative play.

2. Middle childhood: developmental stage between five and 12 years of age. Height and weight further develop, motor skills improve at a rate dependant on extent of physical activity, language and problem solving skills develop, social skills and friendships strengthen. Puberty takes place.

3. Adulthood: stage of life where an individual reaches 18 years of age.

   1. Young adulthood (20-40 years old): People achieve physical maturity. Young adults also mature emotionally. They become better at managing emotions and stress. The brain completes development in early young adulthood. This helps young adults plan and regulate behavior. In the US, many young adults become fully responsible for their lives. This can mean having an income and living independently or with people they choose. During adulthood, many people make decisions about entering a committed relationship or marriage.

   2. Middle adulthood (40-65 years old): Adults make some of their greatest achievements during this time. Middle-age adults tend to be more flexible and adapt well to change. They reconsider their priorities and goals when necessary. Physical strength, coordination, and endurance begin to gradually decline. Thinking skills and memory usually remain strong. Middle-age and older adults may have adolescent or adult children. As children grow up and leave home, adults adjust to new relationships. Some adults care for aging parents or family members.

   3. Older adulthood (65 years and older): Many older adults show self-confidence, knowledge, and judgment. They have experience coping with hardships. They better manage emotions, make compromises, and understand other viewpoints. When older adults retire from work, they find time for new opportunities, such as volunteer opportunities, travel, hobbies, and other interests. Many older adults lose independence when they cannot drive or live alone. It is common for older adults to lose some friends and family.

4. Death

What happens in the reproductive developmental stages of conception, embryonic, fetal, germinal, and organogenesis?

At conception, a sperm penetrates an egg. When the first sperm connects with an egg’s cell membrane, the surface of the egg forms a barrier to additional sperm. This ensures just a single sperm fertilizes the egg. The nucleus of the sperm then meets the egg’s nucleus. The nuclei of both cells come together and combine their chromosomes. This forms a nucleus with half of each parent’s chromosomes. The fertilized egg is called a zygote.

The germinal stage of prenatal development begins at conception and lasts about two weeks. In this phase, the single-celled zygote goes through a process called cleavage, forming a blastocyst that travels to the uterus and implants itself in the endometrium. This implanted mass of cells is called an embryo.

embryonic stage: lasts 6 weeks. Embryo develops the chorion that possesses villi. Placenta forms, that helps support the embryo and removes waste. Amniotic sac forms as well as the umbilical cord. Differentiation takes place, organogenesis begins (organs take their familiar forms and locations. Organogenesis continues for several weeks. After eight weeks, the basic organization of the organs is completed).

fetal stage: 9th week of pregnancy until birth. Fetus considerably grows. Organs, bones, and muscles fully develop and the child is ready to be born.

What role do the male and female reproductive parts play in reproduction?

Male reproductive system is tasked with releasing sperm that is combined with the egg the female reproduction system is tasked with producing to form a fertilized egg that undergoes several stages of development before childbirth. More specifically, the penis and vagina are the reproductive parts used for sexual intercourse, the penis releases semen containing sperm into the vagina, which houses the sperm until it fertilizes an egg.

What are cryptorchidism, epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis?

Diseases and disorders of the male reproduction system.

prostatitis: Inflammation or infection of the prostate

epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis

orchitis: Inflammation of the testes

cryptorchidism: Failure of the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum.

What are some hot spots for human trafficking?

large cities and locations with many transportation options (for example, airports, train stations, and highways). Trafficking is especially common during large events that draw many people. These include major sporting events or political conventions.

What is emotional maturity?

What are the organizations Green Dot, One Love, and Safe Dates?

Sexual Assault Prevention Programs.

What is consent, and how does one recognize and acknowledge consent?

Consent is a direct, verbal, freely given agreement. It occurs when someone clearly says yes. One can recognize and acknowledge consent by not assuming consent, recognizing if one possesses the right to give consent, making sure the individual giving consent is not hesitant or pressured towards giving consent, and not assuming that if one gives consent to an activity once they will continue to give consent other times or to other activities.

What is cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is use of the internet or electronic communication to mistreat or frighten someone.

What are lung cancer, pneumonia, asthma, and tuberculosis?

Respiratory conditions.

Lung cancer: Abnormal cancerous growth in the lungs.

Pneumonia: lung infection caused by bacteria or viruses.

Tuberculosis: a highly infectious disease, primarily affecting the lungs, but can also spread to other parts of the body. It's caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through the air when people with active TB cough, sneeze, or speak.

Asthma: respiratory disease in which air passages constrict and fill with mucus, making it difficult to breathe.

What are the signs of stroke?

Numbness or weakness on one side of the body, face, arm, or leg

Confusion

Trouble speaking or understanding speech

Vision conditions affecting one or both of the eyes

Dizziness

Loss of balance or coordination

Trouble walking

Severe headache

What is an angina, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and hypertension?

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are cardiovascular diseases that impact the blood vessels. Hypertension is

What is antibiotic resistance?

What are MSRA, cholera, meningitis, the common cold, and candida auris?

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

What is mycosis?

At what decibel, will hearing loss occur?

What are some warning signs of suicide?

What is acid reflux disorder?

What is a body scan?

What is eustress, and what are some examples of it?

How can one develop emotional intelligence?

What is body composition?

How should one view media critically?

What are some ways to improve self-esteem?

What are some examples of non-verbal and verbal communication?

What is HIPAA?

What is goal setting, and how does one achieve it?

What are IUDs?

What is a diaphragm and cervical cap, and how do they work in preventing reproduction?

What are the different stages of HIV/AIDS?

What is the menstrual cycle, and at what age does it occur?

as

What are interpersonal skills?

Who is at risk for skin cancer and why?

When are mental illnesses easier to treat?

What is negative-talk versus positive-talk?

What are UV rays, and how do they damage the skin?

What is chemotherapy?

What is catfishing?