Chapter 19: Blood

Questions from pre lecture quizzes and dms module questions

approximately how much blood is in your body

5 liters

if you spin down a blood sample using a centrifuge, you will see three distinct layers: the yellow colored plasma, the buffy coat, and the bottom red section. what blood components are present in the buffy coat

WBC and Platelets

match the component of plasma with its description

9% of the volume of plasma: plasma proteins

this category includes antibodies and transport proteins: plasma proteins

these gases can dissolve in plasma in small amounts: oxygen and carbon dioxide

this is a solute important for nutrition that is dissolved in the plasma: glucose

90% of the volume of plasma: water

this is one example of a plasma protein: albumin

red blood cells (rbc) are also known as

erythrocytes

RBC do not have nuclei, or most organelles. Instead each one is jam packed full with 1 billion copies of __

hemoglobin

each heme group on a hemoglobin polypeptide can bind one O2 molecule. this means that hemoglobin can bind __ 02 molecules

4

how do the kidneys encourage the production of RBCs

by secreting the hormone erythropoietin

where do you find RBC during their lifespan (from beginning, middle, to end, in order)

red bone marrow, then inside blood vessels, then destroyed in the spleen

match each type of anemia with its description

happens when RBC in the bloodstream are being destroyed: hemolytic anemia

when the re bone marrow stops making RBC: aplastic anemia 

most common type of anemia: iron deficiency anemia 

caused by vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia 

when a person has 2 copies of the hemoglobin S gene: sickle cell anemia 

match each type of WBC with its description

includes T cells and B cells - lymphocyte

have pink red granules, involved in allergic reactions - eosinophil 

the biggest WBCs, these leave the bloodstream and turn into macrophages: monocyte 

have dark purple granules, containing pro-inflammatory chemicals: basophil 

most common WBC in the blood: neutrophil 

select the type of WBC that does NOT come from the myeloblast line

monocyte

platelets are formed in the red bone marrow. they are formed from cells called

megakaryocytes

match the cell or cell fragment with its function

becomes macrophages in tissues - monocyte

blood clotting - platelet 

secretes antibodies - B lymphocytes 

carries oxygen and carbon dioxide - erythrocyte 

active in phagocytosis of bacteria - neutrophil 

immune response, including killing cancer cells - T cells 

put the events of hemostasis in order

1. vascular spasm 

2. platelet plug formation 

3. coagulation 

4. clot retraction 

5. thrombolysis

when do platelets stick to the wall of a blood vessel

when they come into contact with collagen of the tunica adventitia

coagulation involves formation of a fibrin net. fibrin is a small part of a larger protein called fibrinogen. where is fibrinogen found

it’s a plasma protein 

which clotting factors require the presence of vitamin K in order for the liver to synthesize them

II, VII, IX, X

the coagulation cascade is a complicated tree showing the activation of variation clotting factors by each other. the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both lead to activation of the common pathway. which protein is an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fibrinogen to make fibrin 

thrombin 

which of these disorders is caused by lack of specific one of the clotting factors

hemophilia

if your RBC do not have Antigen A and they do not have Antigen B, then which of the ABO blood groups are you assigned

O

what happens if Anti-A antibodies bind to Antigen A on RBC

antibody binding makes the RBC stick together 

how do you know if your blood has antibodies against the different antigens on RBC

if your RBC carry the A antigen, you won’t have anti A antibodies

if your RBC don’t have the A antigen, you will have anti-A antibodies 

The B antigen works the same way as the A antigen 

no one has antibodies against the Rh factor unless they are Rh negative and they have been exposed to Rh positive blood 

which blood type is the universal donor 

O negative 

platelets are cell fragments derived from 

megakaryocytes 

what event initiates or contact pathway of coagulation 

factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers 

which of the following substances does not inhibit coagulation 

prothrombin

what clotting disorder results from an inadequate amount of the christmas factor (IX)

hemophilia B

what vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation 

vitamin K

what enzyme coverts fibrinogen to fibrin

thrombin

which antigens does a person with blood type A- have on the surface of his or her erythrocytes 

a antigens 

what process involves a series of events that minimizes the amount of blood lost from an injured blood vessel 

hemostasis 

carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as

antigens

fibrin converts the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass by the process of 

coagulation 

which of the following antibodies does a person with type B+ blood have in their plasma 

anti-a antibodies 

what ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade 

calcium ions 

the ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)

what condition results in the formation of an inappropriate blood clot 

thrombosis 

select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis 

vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, and thrombolysis

what is another name for the Rh antigen

D antigen

a sample reacts with anti-a and anti-b antibodies, but it does not react with anti-Rh antibodies. what is the sample’s blood type

type AB-

Homeostasis is mediated by which of the following formed elements 

platelets 

what process does agglutination promote

hemolysis

which of the following blood types is compatible with B- during a transfusion 

O negative 

what is the average lifespan of a platelet

7 to 10 days

which of the following blood types is considered the universal recipient 

type AB positive 

which of the following characteristics do platelets have 

capable of oxidative catabolism 

what is the functional consequence of vascular spasms during hemostasis 

vascular spasms decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss 

some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver’s ability to use vitamin K. animals that consume this poison would have problems with 

coagulation 

what chemical is produced by endothelial cells at the site of injury during the first step of platelet plug formation 

von Willebrand factor 

which of the following pairs of terms can be used interchangeably  

antibody and agglutinin 

which of the following blood types would agglutinate if donated to a person with blood type A+ 

B negative 

which of the following events must occur first during hemostasis 

formation of thrombin 

what plasma protein is most important for the blood’s colloid pressure 

albumin 

what cells are categorized as agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

in erythropoiesis, what is the name of the cell that has ejected its nucleus and other organelles prior to being released into the bloodstream 

reticulocyte 

which of the following factors is not related to anemia 

abnormal leukocytes 

what is the average lifespan of erythrocytes

100-120 days

which type of leukocytes may produce antibodies 

lymphocyte 

what causes a bruise to appear greenish in the skin 

biliverdin 

the primary function of red blood cells is to

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

which leukocytes have cytoplasmic granules that stain red and bilobed nuclei 

eosinophils 

what cell gives rise to all formed elements

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

what is the oxygen binding protein found in erythrocytes 

hemoglobin 

which of the following characteristics is associated with erythrocytes 

biconcave shape 

which of the following organs produce most of the plasma proteins 

liver 

which of the following functions is not associated with erythropoietin 

decrease production of the protein hemoglobin 

what organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis

kidney 

all red blood cells in an adult originate in the

red bone marrow

normal blood pH should fall between

7.35 and 7.45

nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make fewer red blood cells. This condition is known as 

aplastic anemia 

what is hematocrit

the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes 

a centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. what percentage of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets 

1 percent 

what is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult 

neutrophil 

which leukocyte is the least common and functions to mediate inflammation 

basophil 

which organ traps older erythrocytes so they will be removed from circulation 

spleen 

how much blood does the average adult have 

5 liters 

during leukopoiesis, basophils are derived from

myeloblasts

what percentage of the blood is composed of plasma 

55 percent 

the most abundant component of plasma is

water

which of the following products from the breakdown of hemoglobin is excreted as a waste product by the liver

bilirubin

which of the following functions is not associated with blood

protecting internal organs

how can hydrophobic steroids travel in the blood

by binding to hydrophilic transport proteins