AP World History Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

Flashcards reviewing key vocabulary and concepts from Heimler's History Unit 6 review guide, focusing on the consequences of industrialization and imperialism.

Nationalism

Belief in the greatness of a group of people linked through shared language, religion, or social customs.

Civilizing Mission

The belief that imperial nations had a duty to develop the people they were conquering, including converting them to Christianity and educating them in western-style schools.

How Nationalism Contributed to Imperialism

A desire for territory and to be seen as a great power.

Social Darwinism

A play on Darwin's theory of evolution that became a form of 'scientific racism' that assumed that non-western races were like children who had not matured

How Social Darwinism Contributed to Imperialism

Industrialized European states believed they were fitter than unindustrialized states and entitled to take them over.

What led the Belgian Congo to go from private control to state control?

His exploitation of the land and people to extract rubber was so brutal that the Belgian government took the colony away from him and brought it under their control

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Otto von Bismarck of Germany called this due to growing competition among imperial states. They carved up Africa into European colonial holdings without any input from African leaders.

British Expansion in South Africa

They fought the Dutch, who were there first, in the Boer Wars to consolidate power and drive both the Dutch Afrikaners and the indigenous South Africans into refugee camps.

British Royal Niger Company

They created fill in the blank contracts that they used to buy land from various chiefs with a promise to give them some level of autonomy if they signed.

Settler Colonies

The British takeover of Australia and New Zealand led to massive waves of British settlers going to those lands to populate them. This led to the introduction of new diseases that killed indigenous populations.

United States Imperialism

The United States conquered neighboring territory in westward expansion, calling it Manifest Destiny. They also expanded into Southeast Asia when the US defeated Spain in the Spanish American War and took control of the Philippines.

Russian Expansion in the 19th Century

Russia expanded to neighboring territories by conquering Siberia, all the way to the Pacific. They also added lands in the south and the west and developed the ideology of Pan-Slavism.

Japanese Imperialism

Due to rapid industrialization during the Meiji Restoration, Japan was able to expand its influence over Korea, Manchuria, and other parts of China.

British Economic Imperialism in China

In the 19th century, the British and China had a trade imbalance. The British started selling Opium to China to fix the imbalance, which led to the First Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing.

Economic Imperialism

Extending control over another state by economic means.

Instability in China

Internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion and wars like the Second Opium War led to the creation of spheres of influence in China controlled by various western powers, Japan, and Russia.

Economic Imperialism in Latin America

The United Fruit Company built infrastructure like railroads and ports throughout Latin America in exchange for control of large amounts of land to support their banana business.

Economic Imperialism

CAUSE; A method states use to control various places.

Economics of Imperialism

EFFECT; How global economics changed as a result of imperialism.

Export Economies

These were created to support imperial empires- a continuity from c. 1450-1750 where conquered or colonized nations were expected to support those who conquered them.

Export Economy

An economy that is arranged around the export of commodities.

Examples of New Export Economies

The British forced India and Egypt to grow cotton for export. West African economies were focused on the export of palm oil to lubricate machines.

Environmental Causes of Increased Migration

Demographic changes and famines led millions to migrate, seeking better lives.

How Industrialization Led to Increased Migration

Technology like railroads and steamships allowed migrants to migrate easily and cheaply, and return home.

Desire for Work

Some migrants made a free choice to relocate; others became part of semi-coerced labor systems.

Indentured Servitude

The British helped Indian and Chinese workers to move throughout their empire doing the work that enslaved people had formerly done by signing contracts they often could not read and that forced them into long hours in terrible conditions.

Convict Labor

The British and French created penal colonies in Australia and French Guiana where they sent convicts to perform years of hard labor on imperial projects like railroads.

Social effect of increased migration on the places people left

Because most migrants were men, their home countries saw a growing gender imbalance leading to women taking on roles that had traditionally been reserved for men.

Negative social effect of increased migration on the receiving societies

Some places saw a rise in nativism or prejudice of the native born people against new minority populations often rooted in ethnic or racial prejudice. Examples: Chinese Exclusion Act and White Australia Policy.

Cultural effect of increased migration on the receiving societies

Many ethnic enclaves were formed (Chinatown, Little Italy) where migrants could find foods and goods that reminded them of home.

How the civilizing mission of imperialism led to growing resistance against it

Western education featured Enlightenment ideas like popular sovereignty (the right to rule oneself) and natural rights leading people to question the right of imperial states to conquer others' lands.

Why were some Europeans opposed to imperialism?

Some criticized its brutality or felt it created an unstable market and could harm economics in the long term.

Yaa Asantewaa War

The Asante Kingdom fought back against British ignorance in thinking the Asante would accept their leadership if they simply sat on a ceremonial golden stool. Queen mother Yaa Asantewaa rallied her people to fight and resist the British intrusion.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

In South Africa, the Xhosa slaughtered their cattle because they were inspired by a belief that if they did, new healthy cattle would arise and replace them and the imperial invaders would be driven away by the ancestral dead.

Resistance by creating a new state

The Cherokee Nation in the United States was forced to relocate from the East Coast to Oklahoma where they arranged their own government and tried to hold on to their culture. The Zulu Kingdom created a new state at the edge of the growing British South Africa and successfully resisted British takeovers for a time.