Glucose is transformed into ATP in 3 steps:
glycosis krebs cycle electron transport chain
_____ assist redox reactions by acting as a catalys
enzymes
what does NAD+ stand for?
nicotinamide adenosine
NAD+ turns into _____ by binding to the enzyme in the redox reaction and accepting 2 electrons and a proton
NADH
what is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
_____ is the primary source of energy in food
glucose
There are _____kcal/mol of glucose of free energy present in 1 mol of glucose
686
______ is the most important electron carrier
NAD+
Substrate level phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to _____
ADP
______ phosphorylation - ATP synthase uses energy from a proton gradient to add a phosphate group to ADP
Oxidative
The complete oxidation of glucose happens in 4 stages
Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain & chemiosmosis
what are the reactants of glycolysis?
_____, _____, and 2 _____
glucose NAD+ ATP
what are the products of glycolysis?
2 _____, _____, and 4 _____
pyruvate NADH ATP
After glycolysis occurs, there is a net gain of _____ ATP
2
what are the 3 stages of glycolysis?
_____, _____, and _____ and _____ _____
priming cleavage ATP pyruvate formation
What happens in the priming stage of glycolysis?
2 phosphates are added to glucose
what happens in the cleavage stage of glycolysis?
the - _____ sugar is split into two - _____ (also called _____)
6 carbon diphosphate 3 carbon monophosphates G3P
What happens in the ATP and pyruvate formation stage of glycolysis?
each _____-carbon sugar is _____ and loses _____ and a proton. P is transferred from _____ to form _____. 2 _____ are formed. Net gain of 2 _____
3 oxidized 2e- ADP ATP pyruvate ATP
In aerobic respiration, _____ is the final electron acceptor
oxygen
In fermentation, oxygen is not present and _____ molecules act as the final electron acceptro
organic
During aerobic respiration, pyruvate will be _____ into _____ and will enter the krebs cycle
oxidized Acetyl-CoA
If oxygen is absent, pyruvate will be _____ in order to oxidize NADH back into NAD+
reduced
the product of fermentation is _____ _____
lactic acid
What happens in the first stage of pyruvate oxidation?
a carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, releasing CO2
what happens in the second stage of pyruvate oxidation?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
What happens in the third stage of pyruvate oxidation?
An acetyl group is transferred to coenzyme A, making Acetyl-CoA
What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?
2 pyruvate, 2 CoA and 2NAD+
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2 and 2NADH + H
What are the products of the krebs cycle?
10_____, 4_____, 2____
NADH ATP FADH2
what happens during chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase uses the energy of gradient protons to make ATP from ADP + P