Exam 4 part 2/5

Interactions

Mutualism is when

both individuals A&B(species) benefit

Commensalism is when

Individual A(species) benefits and Individual B(Species) is unaffected

Parasitism/Antagonism is when

Individual A(species) benefits and Individual B(Species) is harmed

Example of mutualism

Sea anemone and Clown fish (+,+)

Example of Commensalism

Whale and barnacle (0,+)

Example of parasitism/antagonism

Dog and Tick (+.-)

Competition is when

both species/individuals don’t benefit, both do worse when together (-/-)

Amensalism is when

one specie suffers and the other is unaffected (-,0)

Competition in nature when one resource gets used by ONE individual…

that reduces its availability for other individuals

What is intraspecific competition, who is competing?

individuals of the same species compete with each other, for mates or space

Interspecific Competition is when

Individuals of different species compete, commonly for space or water and food

how do resources limit population growth what factors are there?

Each species requires many specific resources: Food, Water, Shelter, Etc.

Each Species also has a range of tolerable conditions, some being

Temperature, precipitation, soil composition, branch thickness, etc.

What is a Niche

The total range of all Abiotic/Biotic conditions tolerated AND all resources used

Niches are unique why

each species has their niche, if we could describe a species niche, we would know exactly where to find that species.

An example of the Saguaros niche includes

soil moisture tolerated, temperature range tolerate, presence of pollinators, presence of nurse plants (trees that protect smaller plants)

What is a fundamental niche?

A niche that a species potentially could occupy, however no species actually fills up their fundamental niche, instead they occupy a subset portion of the fundamental niche

Th realized niche is when

the occupied subset of the fundamental niche by the species

Example of why a species might have a realized niche

The Chthamalus barnacles can live in both deep and shallow intertidal zones (fundamental niche) because it covers both regions, but it only occupies the drier higher intertidal zones because of the competition from the Balanus barnacles

Another example of Fundamental niche vs. Realized niche

The whole tree vs. the top branches for the yellow birds, the middle region for the red birds, and the bottom region for the blue birds in a way Realized Niche = Specific Elevations

What would happen if all resources were shared between two species?

The competitive exclusion principle competitors that compete for the same limiting resource cannot coexist in the same place and the worst competitor would be entirely excluded

What was the Competitive Exclusion Principle: Tested Experiment?

Paramecium experiments (Gause, 1930’s, Russia) Paramecium (algae) share space and food, when the P. Aurelia was grown separately from the P. Caudatum the algae both grew logistically, but when together, one always dies out

A niche is defined as the total range of all abiotic and biotic conditions tolerated. T or F

False, does not include the AND all resources used part

Pollination Syndrome is an interaction of mutualism

Suites of floral characters associated with different modes of pollination (flower characteristics that relate to pollinator characteristics)

Pollination syndrome day types

The pollinators includes the birds, the butterflies, and the bees, the color of flowers are red, orange, yellow, some bees like blue, purple, and ultraviolet, odors commonly sweet, light to none. The pollinator gets nectar and pollen as a reward

Pollination Syndrome Day and Night types

The pollinators are Carrion and Dung Flies, the flower is colored a purplish-brown or green, odors are strong consisting of a decaying protein, no reward for pollinating

Pollination Syndrome Night types

The pollinators are moths and bats, flower colors are pale white, dull white or green, odors are strong and of fermentation, pollen and nectar are rewards of these flowers

How is Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria able to be a mutualistic relationship?

While the plant provides organic carbon derived from photosynthesis, the bacteria provides fixed nitrogen by forming nodules in the plant roots

Mycorrhizae another mutualistic relationship what is it?

“little trees” of fungi form inside the roots by penetrating plant cell walls (they ten wrap around the roots), The fungus provides the water, nutrients (phosphorus especially) absorbed from soil. The plant provides sugars (carbon) from photosynthesis

What are the 4 forms of antagonism where one does worse and the other does better when both species are together

Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, Pathogens

Predation in plants

Carnivorous plants learned to adapt to lure, capture, and digest prey, they can absorb the nutrients form animals, and are often found in nutrient poor habitats

Examples of the Antagonism and Predation in Plants

Sundew, Asian pitcher plant, American pitcher plant, and the Venus fly trap

Why do predators not kill all their prey?

This would lead to extinction if they were to do so.

Herbivory antagonism what is happening

plants are getting eaten by other species, like caterpillar, deer, giraffe

What is herbivory resistance with reduced apparency?

Stone plants may make themselves less apparent to herbivores by blending in with their environment

What is herbivory resistance with structural Defenses?

This is where the plants have developed physical features to combat herbivory, the first modified stems (Thorns), modified leaves (cactus spikes), extensions of epidermis (small thorns), trichomes (fiber like hairs), leaf margin (the shape of the leaf)

Herbivory resistance but Chemical defenses

• Secondary metabolites: specialized compounds not directly related to basic metabolic pathways (e.g., photosynthesis) • Some compounds are used by humans (e.g., caffeine, nicotine)

Examples of Herbivory resistance with Chemical defenses

Poison ivy and Milkweed latex

Parasitism another antagonism type what about it?

This individual derives some or all nutrients from another living source (the host), in plants, the modified root structures penetrate host tissues

Examples of Parasitism

Cuscuta, Rafflesia, and Monotropa uniflora

hyperparasites are what

an organism which establishes a parasitic interaction with a parasite

Specialists are what type of parasite

Many parasites are host-specified or at least have a limited range of hosts.

generalist are what type of parasite

few has a broad range of hosts

The conclusion of parasites globally.

It seems unavoidable that more than 50% of the species on the earth, and many more than 50% of individuals, are parasites

Antagonism in the form of Pathogens what are they?

Microorganism that live and reproduce inside the host, this can cause disease. but the pathogen requires the host to to thrive and survive, this is because it relies on the hosts resources to replicate before exiting and spreading to a new host

Examples of antagonism in the form of pathogens

Fungi, Viruses, Bacteria. and parasites