Periodic Table

Group

Columns in the periodic table, Their valency is the same.

Period

The rows in the periodic table, the number of shells are the same

Valence Electrons

The number of electrons on the outermost shell

Oxidation Number

Valency with charge

Isotopes

Same element, same atomic number, but different mass number, and different neutrons

Ions

Electrically charges particles, either has gained electrons or lost electrons

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell, from a gaseous atom, because it is easies to remove electrons in a gas state

Increases up the group, and right across the period (Upper right corner)

Electronic Affinity

It is the energy change that occurs when a neutral atom in the gaseous state gains an electron to form a negative ion. It is a measure of how strongly an atom attracts an extra electron and is typically expressed in units like kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol)

Electronegativity

The tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons

Increases from left to right across a period, increases up the group (Upper right-hand corner)

Metals

Substances that can lose electrons (electropositive)

Non-Metals

Substances that can gain electrons (electronegative)

Alkali Metal Physical Properties

Soft, Silvery Metals

Low melting and boiling points

Low density

All properties of metals

Alkali Metals Chemical Properties

Highly Reactive

Form 1+ Ions

Reacts with oxygen and water

Transition Metal, Physical Properties

High Density

High melting and boiling points

Metallic Properties

Halogens, Physical Properties

Non-metals

Colored Gases

They are all soluble in organic solvents

Halogens, Chemical Properties

Highly Reactive

Strong oxidizing agents

In nature, they exist as diatomic particles

Bromine - Orange

Chlorine - Yellow-Green

Noble Gases

Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless

Under standard conditions, they are gases

Low solubility

Low melting/boiling points

Highly stable

Inert

Monatomic

Metal and Non-Metal Bonding

Ionic Bonding - transfer of an electron from a metal to a non-metal

They are non actually bonded but, have a very strong electrostatic force of attraction

Properties: Crystalline Solids, High melting and boiling points, Molten/Solution conducts electricity

Non-Metal and Metal

Covalent Bonds - no electrons are lost, both non-metals share them

Properties: Are liquids/gases at RTP, Low melting/boiling points, Don’t conduct electricity

Metal and Metal

Metallic Bonding - attraction between the negatively charged, mobile electons

Electrons are free-roaming in the sea of electrons

Always the same element

Ammonium

NH4 Valency: +1

Hydroxide

OH Valency:-1

Sulfate

SO4 Valency: -2

Sulfite

SO3 Valency: -2

Carbonate

CO3 Valency:-2

Phosphate

PO4 Valency:-3

Nitrate

NO3 Valency:-1